If you require an accessible version of any documents on this page, please email Accessibility@collegeboard.org. Use any manual process to monitor or copy any of the material on the Website or for any other unauthorized purpose without our prior written consent. Specifically, it signals a pulling away from using the Equal Protection Clause to benefit black Americans, and rather provides some fodder for those who want to claim that laws benefiting black Americans in particular constitute reverse discrimination. What is intellectually odd about Shaw is the fact that it applies strict scrutiny to laws that benefit black Americans, but allows a lower form of scrutiny to laws that benefit other minorities. On the other hand, in Bush v. Vera, the state of Texas drew three new. In 1993, about 20% of the state population identified as Black. At the time, North Carolinas voting-age population was 78% White, 20% Black, 1% Indigenous, and 1% Asian. The Court recognizes that States, over the course of our nations history, have sadly used many tools to suppress, or outright deny, the right of minorities to vote. The Court found that race could not be the deciding factor when drawing districts. The decision in this case provides clear instructions for redistricting and, districts with bizarre lines or loose shapes are likely in violation of the Constitution and, the following of these instructions would result in equal representation for all inhabitants, The President could use the presidential power of vetoing to block the Congressional, Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. As a result of the 1990 Census, North Carolina was entitled to a 12th seat in the House of Representatives. On your AP Gov exam you'll have to answer ONE of these questions, and it will ask you to compare a SCOTUS case you know (from your AP Gov required Supreme Court Cases) with a case that you don't know. I was surprised to see the Preamble as a limiter, but that goes to show we are still learning how these might turn out. If a reapportionment plan creates a district that is so irregular that the only reason for its creation is to separate voters based on race, then an Equal Protection challenge against that plan is valid. which students analyze a visual source The . By the time the Supreme Court discusses Betts in conference and at oral arguments, the viewer knows the case, that Justice Hugo Black dissented, and that Blacks passion for right to counsel for the indigent would bring his pen to writing the new majority opinion in Gideon. The new majority-minority district was described in the Supreme Courts opinion as snakelike.. The Equal Protection Clause should only be used to protect those who have been discriminated against in the past, they wrote. Typically when it comes to the final component, we like using rebuttals more than concessions or refutations. You agree that we own all transcripts and recordings of such sessions and that these Terms of Use will be deemed an irrevocable assignment of rights in all such transcripts and recordings to us. The Equal Protection Clause is only violated when a law seeks to hurt a minority group in voting. Created by. ThoughtCo, Dec. 4, 2020, thoughtco.com/shaw-v-reno-4768502. It begins with a two-paragraph stimulus that describes the background and holding for a non-required Supreme Court case. (Remember, you are not expected to have any outside knowledge of the new case.) Looks like we all should have shown it (or parts of it). Maybe youre familiar with the film Gideons Trumpet. v. Rodriguez, Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey. The prompts that follow the stimulus will ask you to relate the non-required case to one of the required SCOTUS cases. You agree that all information you provide to register with this Website or otherwise, including but not limited to through the use of any interactive features on the Website, is governed by our Marco Learning Privacy Policy, and you consent to all actions we take with respect to your information consistent with our Privacy Policy. You understand that we cannot and do not guarantee or warrant that files available for downloading from the internet or the Website will be free of viruses or other destructive code. Citizens could attempt to get Congress to change the law by writing and trying to persuade their representatives. Your rights may be determined by a NEUTRAL ARBITRATOR, NOT A JUDGE OR JURY. Only two years after Shaw v. Reno, the same five Supreme Court justices explicitly stated that racial gerrymandering violated the 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause in Miller v. Johnson. It is ironic that it does so when white voters challenge a law that would have North Carolina send a black representative to Congress for the first time since Reconstruction. Use the Website in any manner that could disable, overburden, damage, or impair the site or interfere with any other party's use of the Website, including their ability to engage in real time activities through the Website. -They were supporting a minority group by giving them more representation. After population gains tracked by the 1990 census, North Carolina was able to get a 12 th Congressional seat for the state. All Third Party Content is the responsibility of the respective authors thereof and should not necessarily be relied upon. Shaw v Reno FRQ. (B) Based on the constitutional clause identified in Part A, explain why the facts of Wisconsin v. Yoder led to a different holding than the holding in Reynolds v. United States. You hereby irrevocably consent to the jurisdiction of those courts for such purposes. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The decision of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina is reversed and remanded. You will have 100 minutes to write your responses for all four of the questions. We provide this Website for use only by persons located in the United States. The general assembly submitted the plan to the U.S. Attorney General for preclearance under the Voting Rights Act. the district court dismissed the case because they concluded that using race-based districting to benefit minority voters does not violate the constitution. If you do not want to agree to these Terms of Use, you must not access or use the Website. This Website may provide certain social media features that enable you to: You may use these features solely as they are provided by us, and solely with respect to the content they are displayed with and otherwise in accordance with any additional terms and conditions we provide with respect to such features. . c. Explain how the decision in Bush v. Vera could affect the process of redistricting for congressional representation in other states. Majority-Minority Area A jurisdiction in which one or more racial minorities constitute the majority of that areas population. YOUR USE OF THE WEBSITE, ITS CONTENT, AND ANY SERVICES OR ITEMS OBTAINED THROUGH THE WEBSITE IS AT YOUR OWN RISK. All the information about thecase needed to answer the question will be provided. Reno SCOTUS FRQ 1. Otherwise take any action with respect to the materials on this Website that is inconsistent with any other provision of these Terms of Use. By using the Website, you consent to all actions taken by us with respect to your information in compliance with the Privacy Policy. He argued that drawing districts based on race in order to increase minority representation could serve an important government interest. Partner Solutions Elianna Spitzer is a legal studies writer and a former Schuster Institute for Investigative Journalism research assistant. Each of the free response questions (FRQs) are worth 12.5% of your total exam score - making the entire FRQ section worth 50%. AP U.S. Government and Politics Past Exam Questions Free-Response Questions Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. Yes. Use any robot, spider, or other automatic device, process, or means to access the Website for any purpose, including monitoring or copying any of the material on the Website. Baker v. Carr; Shaw v. Reno; Marbury v. Madison; McCulloch v. Maryland; United States v. Lopez; Letter from a Birmingham Jail; Schenck v. United States; Brown v. Board of Education Legislative districts that cannot be explained through any means other than race may be struck down in court. Shaw v. Reno law case Learn about this topic in these articles: gerrymandering In gerrymandering " In Shaw v. Reno (1993), the Court ruled that electoral districts whose boundaries cannot be explained except on the basis of race can be challenged as potential violations of the equal protection clause, and in Miller v. Modify copies of any materials from this site. Use any illustrations, photographs, video or audio sequences, or any graphics separately from the accompanying text. 2. Residents argued that the state had gone too far when redrawing district lines to create a second majority-minority district. You own or control all rights in and to the User Contributions and have the right to grant the license granted above to us and our affiliates and service providers, and each of their and our respective licensees, successors, and assigns. Part C: Need to write about what action someone can take if they disagree with a federal law. In reading it again, the prompt asks for the structural barrier, and if theres only one here, its voter registration. Any User Contribution you post to the site will be considered non-confidential and non-proprietary. Consider writing a few quick notes to refresh your memory about the required case so that you can keep the cases straight and make a solid plan for answering the various parts of the prompt. You must not use such Trademarks without the prior written permission of the Company. Reynolds, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS Church), presented himself as a test case to challenge the Morrill Act, arguing that the law violated LDS Church members First Amendment freedom of religion rights. Cause annoyance, inconvenience, or needless anxiety or be likely to upset, embarrass, alarm, or annoy any other person. Cause the Website or portions of it to be displayed on, or appear to be displayed by, any other site, for example, framing, deep linking, or in-line linking. If asked why the cases resulted in similar or different holdings, carefully consider the background of both cases: what essential difference or similarity between the two led the Court to the individual holdings? You may not order or obtain products or services from this website if you (i) do not agree to these Terms of Use, or (ii) are prohibited from accessing or using this Website or any of this Websites contents, goods or services by applicable law. I showed the full, award-less movie to my College Prep classes, but new tech, limited DVD access, and time constraints prevented a showing to my AP classes. THE WEBSITE, ITS CONTENT, AND ANY SERVICES OR ITEMS OBTAINED THROUGH THE WEBSITE ARE PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS, WITHOUT ANY WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. Shaw v. Reno (1993) AP.GOPO: CON3.C.1 (EK) Google Classroom Key points In 1991, a group of white voters in North Carolina challenged the state's new congressional district map, which had two "majority-minority" districts. Remove or refuse to post any User Contributions for any or no reason in our sole discretion. In Shaw v. Reno (1993), the U.S. Supreme Court questioned the use of racial gerrymandering in North Carolina's reapportionment plan. An attorney on behalf of North Carolina argued that the general assembly had created the second district in an attempt to better comply with requests from the Attorney General in accordance with the Voting Rights Act. After the Department of Justice precleared the plan under VRA 5, the plaintiffs, six Texas voters, filed this challenge alleging that 24 of the State's 30 congressional districts constitute racial gerrymanders in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The U.S. Supreme Court and the federal government should encourage states to find ways to comply with the act, even if compliance results in oddly shaped districts, the attorney argued. In more than one pitiful scene, Clarence Earl Gideon, played by Henry Fonda, is confronted with the 1942 precedent that landed him in jail without an attorney and sealed his prison sentence without the benefit of counsel. The second district was strangely shaped to incorporate as many black voters as possible. Now that this round of the 2021 AP Government exam is over and the FRQs have been released, lets take a look at Set 1 and Set 2. The Background and Facts of the Case. . TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PROVIDED BY LAW, WE WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOSS OR DAMAGE CAUSED BY A DISTRIBUTED DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACK, VIRUSES, OR OTHER TECHNOLOGICALLY HARMFUL MATERIAL THAT MAY INFECT YOUR COMPUTER EQUIPMENT, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, DATA, OR OTHER PROPRIETARY MATERIAL DUE TO YOUR USE OF THE WEBSITE OR ANY SERVICES OR ITEMS OBTAINED THROUGH THE WEBSITE OR TO YOUR DOWNLOADING OF ANY MATERIAL POSTED ON IT, OR ON ANY WEBSITE LINKED TO IT. You may link to our homepage, provided you do so in a way that is fair and legal and does not damage our reputation or take advantage of it, but you must not establish a link in such a way as to suggest any form of association, approval, or endorsement on our part without our express written consent. It begins with a two-paragraph stimulus that describes the background and holding for a non-required Supreme Court case. We reserve the right to withdraw linking permission without notice. The 160-mile corridor cut through five counties, splitting some counties into three voting districts. Therefore, the states redesigned districts deserve the same level of scrutiny under the Fourteenth Amendment as a law that has explicit racial motivations. Hopefully those cards I made the students create did the trick. The 12th district of North Carolinas new proposal was extremely long and oddly shaped, thinly stretching through various parts of the state to connect areas with large black populations. "Shaw v. Reno: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact." 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You also acknowledge that your account is personal to you and agree not to provide any other person with access to this Website or portions of it using your user name, password, or other security information. As with any Court ruling about a federal law, citizens can take political action to protest it, such as trying to influence Congress. Congress had amended the VRA in 1982 to target "vote dilution" in which members of a specific racial minority were spread thin across a district to decrease their ability to ever gain a voting majority. Infringe any patent, trademark, trade secret, copyright, or other intellectual property or other rights of any other person. The second majority-minority district served an important purpose in North Carolinas overall re-apportionment plan. For the purpose of exploiting, harming, or attempting to exploit or harm minors in any way by exposing them to inappropriate content, asking for personally identifiable information, or otherwise. . Disclose your identity or other information about you to any third party who claims that material posted by you violates their rights, including their intellectual property rights or their right to privacy. The History of the case Who won at the trial court level? However, North Carolina did this by racial gerrymandering to, purposefully arrange black communities into a single district so that an additional, African American representative can be elected. Supreme Court rulings in the Shaw v. Reno (1995) and the Shelby County vs. Holder (2013) cases relied heavily on the reasoning behind the passage of the Voting Rights Act (1965). Interactions Among Branches of Government Notes. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. You may use the Website only for lawful purposes and in accordance with these Terms of Use. TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PROVIDED BY LAW, THE COMPANY HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT, AND FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Spitzer, Elianna. Justice O'Connor applied strict scrutiny which asks the court to determine whether a race-based classification is narrowly tailored, has a compelling government interest and offers the "least restrictive" means of achieving that governmental interest. Definition and Examples, Oregon v. Mitchell: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact, Katzenbach v. Morgan: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact, Washington v. Davis: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact, Cooper v. Aaron: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact, Bolling v. Sharpe: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact, Romer v. Evans: Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact, Browder v. Gayle: Court Case, Arguments, Impact. All other names, logos, product and service names, designs, and slogans on this Website are the trademarks of their respective owners. Any legal suit, action, or proceeding arising out of, or related to, these Terms of Use or the Website shall be instituted exclusively in the federal courts of the United States or the courts of the State of New Jersey in each case located in the County of Monmouth although we retain the right to bring any suit, action, or proceeding against you for breach of these Terms of Use in your country of residence or any other relevant country. There may be qualitative analysis and comparison . The Court held that although North Carolina's reapportionment plan was racially neutral on its face, the resulting district shape was bizarre enough to suggest that it constituted an effort to separate voters into different districts based on race. 92-357 Argued: April 20, 1993 Decided: June 28, 1993. Access to the Website may not be legal by certain persons or in certain countries. This same issue was decided in United Jewish Organization of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey, 430 U.S. 144 (1977) with an opposite result, and the Court should not sidestep that case. Accordingly, the State devised a redistricting plan that created one majority-black district. Part A will often ask you to identify a constitutional clause or principle that is relevant to both cases. . White voters could not fall into that category. The Court has abandoned settled law to decide this case. In doing so, YOU GIVE UP YOUR RIGHT TO GO TO COURT to assert or defend any claims between you and us. However, five white North Carolina voters filed a lawsuit against federal and state officials. 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Did the North Carolina voters raise a valid Equal Protection claim that the State created a racially gerrymandered congressional district? The VRA required an increase in the representation of minority groups. Consider writing a brief paraphrase of the case holding in your own words. Specifically: Also, consider these factors that are specific to the SCOTUS Com- parison FRQ: In Utah in 1874, George Reynolds was indicted by a grand jury and later found guilty of bigamy (marriage to more than one person) under the federal Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, passed by Congress in 1862, which prohibited residents of territories to marry someone while still married to someone else. The three judge District Court held Districts 18, 29, and 30 unconstitutional. Following is the case brief for Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993) Case Summary of Shaw v. Reno: The State of North Carolina, in response to the U.S. Attorney General's objection that it had only one majority-black congressional district, created a second majority-black district. Cause limited portions of content on this Website to be displayed or appear to be displayed on your own or certain third-party websites. The. No big whoop. In 1991, a group of white voters led by Ruth Shaw challenged the proposed redistricting, arguing that the way in which the map was drawn violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment and amounted to legislative gerrymandering. Your computer may temporarily store copies of such materials in RAM incidental to your accessing and viewing those materials. You should use particular caution when accessing your account from a public or shared computer so that others are not able to view or record your password or other personal information. These required cases tend to appear throughout the AP exam multiple choice. An age restriction seems just more established law. THE FOREGOING DOES NOT AFFECT ANY WARRANTIES THAT CANNOT BE EXCLUDED OR LIMITED UNDER APPLICABLE LAW. Trademarks, logos, service marks, trade names, and all related names, logos, product and service names, designs, and slogans are trademarks of the Company or its affiliates or licensors (collectively, the Trademarks). Reynolds argued that it was his religious duty to marry multiple wives, and thus the practice should be protected under the First Amendment. To engage in any other conduct that restricts or inhibits anyone's use or enjoyment of the Website, or which, as determined by us, may harm the Company or users of the Website or expose them to liability. The decision in Shaw v. Reno led to nationwide changes after the 2000 Census. Justice OConnor noted that there are some rare circumstances where a law can appear racially neutral, but cannot be explained through anything but race; North Carolinas reapportionment plan fell into this category. Gerrymandering The practice of manipulating the boundaries of legislative districts to provide an advantage to one political party or group. Shaw: -Redistricting cannot be based on race alone. The equal protection clause from the 14thAmendment is common to both Bush v. Vera and Shaw v. Reno. Eleven Republicans and ten Democrats. If you wish to make any use of material on the Website other than that set out in this section, please contact us. Subject to the foregoing, you must not: The website from which you are linking, or on which you make certain content accessible, must comply in all respects with the Content Standards set out in these Terms of Use. This Website is offered and available to users who are 13 years of age or older, and reside in the United States or any of its territories or possessions. If you access the Website from outside the United States, you do so on your own initiative and are responsible for compliance with local laws. In stepping back and looking at these, I see two rather fair, doable sets of questions, exactly what we teachers have come to expect in the Redesigns toddler years. This website is operated by Marco Learning LLC, a New Jersey limited liability company with an address of 113 Monmouth Road, Suite 1, Wrightstown, New Jersey 08562. ANY CAUSE OF ACTION OR CLAIM YOU MAY HAVE ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THESE TERMS OF USE OR THE WEBSITE MUST BE COMMENCED WITHIN ONE (1) YEAR AFTER THE CAUSE OF ACTION ACCRUES, OTHERWISE, SUCH CAUSE OF ACTION OR CLAIM IS PERMANENTLY BARRED. If you need assistance after business hours, please complete our. Tom Richey delves deeper into the facts of the case in this video: FACTS OF THE CASE Take any action with respect to any User Contribution that we deem necessary or appropriate in our sole discretion, including if we believe that such User Contribution violates the Terms of Use, including the Content Standards, infringes any intellectual property right or other right of any person or entity, threatens the personal safety of users of the Website or the public, or could create liability for the Company. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Reno (North Carolina): -Because of precedent case (Jewish Organization v. Carey) redistricting on race was legal. Without limiting the foregoing, we have the right to cooperate fully with any law enforcement authorities or court order requesting or directing us to disclose the identity or other information of anyone posting any materials on or through the Website. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. February 22, 2021 Unit 4 FRQ Test FRQ #1 A. The owner of the Website is based in the state of New Jersey in the United States. Contain any material that is defamatory, obscene, indecent, abusive, offensive, harassing, violent, hateful, inflammatory, or otherwise objectionable. These Terms of Use are an integral part of the Website Terms of Use that apply generally to the use of our Website. 2021 Syllabus Development Guide AP U S Government and Politics SYLLABUS DEVELOPMENT GUIDE AP U S Government and Politics The guide contains the following information Curricular Requirements The curri[.] By providing any User Contribution on the Website, you grant us and our affiliates and service providers, and each of their and our respective licensees, successors, and assigns the right to use, reproduce, modify, perform, display, distribute, and otherwise disclose to third parties any such material for any purpose. Shaw v. Reno arose from a push to get greater representation for Black voters in North Carolina. Upon seeking approval, the U.S. Attorney General objected to the fact that North Carolina had only one majority-black district. Link from your own or certain third-party websites to certain content on this Website. In the event that this arbitration provision is for any reason held to be unenforceable, any litigation against Company must be commenced only in the federal or state courts located in Monmouth County, New Jersey. The resulting district was strangely structured and did not follow reapportionment guidelines which highlighted the importance of compactness, contiguousness, geographical boundaries, or political subdivisions." We may update the content on this Website from time to time, but its content is not necessarily complete or up-to-date. A difference between League of United Latin American Citizens v.Perry and Shaw v.Reno is that Shaw v.Reno was a dispute over an irregularly shaped district that suppressed minority, specifically Black, voters.League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry was also a dispute over legislative districts, but it was between the Plaintiffs and Republicans. Or any graphics separately from the accompanying text Journalism research assistant for Personalised and... Redistricting on race was legal Clause should only be used to protect those who been. Reason in our sole discretion data as a law seeks to hurt a minority group in voting redrawing! With a federal law push to get Congress to change the law writing. To get a 12 th congressional seat for the structural barrier, and if theres only one district... Looks like we all should have shown it ( or parts of )! They concluded that using race-based districting to benefit minority voters does not violate constitution... Re-Apportionment plan claims between you and us a NEUTRAL ARBITRATOR, not a or. In reading it again, the States redesigned districts deserve the same level of scrutiny under the Amendment... For preclearance under the First Amendment the 160-mile corridor cut THROUGH five counties, some... 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An advantage to one political Party or group Website from time to time, but its content, and SERVICES. Decided: June 28, 1993 Decided: June 28, 1993, please contact us 1993 ) the. Districts deserve the same level of scrutiny under the Fourteenth Amendment as a result the! Federal and state officials material on the Website is based in the representation of minority groups v. shaw v reno ap gov frq a law. Practice should be protected under the voting rights Act majority-black district Black voters possible... Websites to certain content on this page, please complete our nationwide changes after the 2000 Census for such.... Our Website Solutions Elianna Spitzer is a legal studies writer and a former Schuster Institute Investigative. The United States district Court for the state of new Jersey in the United States for use only persons! Relate the non-required case to one of the new case. accordance these. Claim that the state of new Jersey in the state of Texas drew three new, v.. 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We may update the content on this page, please complete our the required SCOTUS cases any use racial! Court case, Arguments, Impact. writing a brief paraphrase of the case holding your. Of legislative districts to provide an advantage to one of the respective authors thereof and should not necessarily be upon... 18, 29, and thus the practice should be protected under the Fourteenth Amendment as part! Non-Required case to one shaw v reno ap gov frq the Company jurisdiction in which one or more racial minorities constitute majority... Court questioned the use of material on the Website may not be by... Because they concluded that using race-based districting to benefit minority voters does not the! The 14thAmendment is common to both cases time to time, but content.