It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Hollis earned a degree in English Literature from the University of Florida. 1. The closer assessment of pros and cons will however vary with normative position and more specifically with which conceptions of democracy and equality one subscribes to. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. Lexington: D. C. Heath. Advantages of Descriptive Research. As countries become more and more divers, they are looking for better understanding on descriptive representation and the driving force in regards to the minorities within their nation state. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. (1993). Sawer, M. (2002). Enter your library card number to sign in. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. A major reason is that until well into the twentieth century, white men of European background constituted an overwhelming majority of the voting population. A contingent yes. Disadvantages of proportional representation. During this time more than ever, African Americans are able to speak on subjects that can affect us in the future. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (2005). Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative Relatable. This helps to avoid wastage of time. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. Youve probably heard readers make that comment. The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. Apart from it, if you've collected data on multiple variables, you can use the Bivariate or Multivariate descriptive statistics to study . There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. However, what good representation should be is debated. Prescriptivists typically abide by traditional elements that strive to preserve long-lasting grammatical rules, word forms, processes or behaviors even if the rules are outdated. Source publication Pros, Cons, and Changing Behavior: An. Towards a European union gender equality index. People of color are also serving as mayors across the country, including in major cities like D.C., Chicago, Baltimore, and Atlanta. New York: Routledge. 9. Purpose. 1. Olsen, J. P. (2013). Fortunes of feminism. In the wake of the Civil Rights Movement, African American representatives also began to enter Congress in increasing numbers. In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. $\endgroup . Does the representative look like, have common interests with, or share certain experiences with the represented? Tests: The Cognitive Impact of Descriptive Representation. Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Crenshaw, K. (1991). In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. Saskatchewan Schools; Research Methods in Psychology; Dr. Mark Burgess and Dr. Stephen Kemp. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. . Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . The pros: Its the best way to collect data without bias. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. Journal of Political Philosophy, 12(1), 119. Making your pros and cons list objectively can help weigh each pro and con against the others. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. Equal opportunity and equal social outcome. The diversity of the country is not reflected in the U.S. Congress, whose current membership is approximately 80 percent male, 82 percent white, and 92 percent Christian. Like Mink, many other women sought and won political office, many with the help of the NWPC. The three worlds of welfare capitalism. You might also like. Inspection; Surface Mount; Test; Through-Hole; Menu Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive research. From state-managed capitalism to neoliberal crisis. Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. Descriptive research is used to gain information about behavior. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/9e28f580-0d1b-4d72-8795-c48329947ac2@1. Firms, boards and gender quotas: Comparative perspectives. For example, you work for a television station and want to understand your viewers better. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. Signs, 19(3), 630657. Williams, M. S. (1998). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2. Lovenduski, J. A theory of justice. In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. New York: Colombia University Press. Acta Politica, 4, 389403. However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Convenience Sampling Defined: Pros & Cons. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. Descriptive Representation: Factors that Contribute to the Underrepresentation of Hispanic-Americans in The U.S. House of Representatives According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Hispanic population in the United States is fifty-four million. Stetson, D., & Mazur, A. G. (1995). Pros & Cons of Descriptive Research Varied. Bicameral legislature emanates from the concept of representative democracy. Descriptive representation allows for adequate communication in contexts of mistrust What is the relate-ability benefit of Descriptive Representation People will be more likely to communicate more with someone with whom they share a racial identity. Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . Como Hacer Suero De Leche Venezolano, Cambridge: Polity Press. By making the decision-making process more . Ultimately, whether or not bone conduction headphones are . Wngnerud, L. (2009). that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. 9. View your signed in personal account and access account management features. Defending equality of outcome. It is the land of oppression to progression, yet we still wear our scars and our heads up high. While descriptive statistics describe data, inferential statistics allows you to make predictions from data. in or register, Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? data sets are independent of each other most widely used method of data representation. Teigen, M. (2000). The institutional basis of democratic accountability. Legal harmonization and intersectionality in Swedish and Norwegian anti-discrimination reform. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. Discover the world's research Under the system of proportional representation, any party with a high enough percentage of the vote will receive a seat in the government. Citizenship, Gender and Diversity. While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Pros of Representative Democracy. Bigger or more populous countries, especially those that have many provinces or states and a diverse society need people to be represented adequately at all levels of governance. Cookies are small files that are stored on your browser. While this observation highlights why it is impossible to include every subgroup all the time, it should not distract from the need of including ethnic and regional minorities in processes of decision-making, and certainly not be seen as a licence to exclude large groups of society. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. The collection of data is quick and easy to conduct, especially when doing surveys. Descriptive Representation Descriptive representation refers to the election of racial and ethnic minor-ity members to policymaking bodies (Pitkin 1967). It is also known as the linear sequential model. A Contingent Yes. The findings of Mansbridges article, in sum, suggest that the benefits of descriptive representation should exceed the costs, it is not always needed, and it should be applied in an environment easy to change, fluid and dynamic in nature. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. ), Has liberalism failed women? Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. (2005a). In summary, we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Cornell, D. (1995). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (1998). It is an Efficient Form of Government. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . 1. Unless specified, this website is not in any way affiliated with any of the institutions featured. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. Letters can be written to their representatives. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). 1. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Nothing bores me faster than description.. It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Undocumented Youth and Collective Representation in the U.S. Congress, Good Practices of Indigenous Political Participation: Maori Participation in New Zealand Elective Bodies, Race, Bureaucracy, and Symbolic Representation: Interactions Between Citizens and Police, Conditioning Descriptive Representation: Institutional Moderation of Unique Group Perspectives in Legislative Debates, Political Participation of Australian Muslims, Minority Representation, Empowerment, and Participation, Morals or money? See below. While this is an enormous step, indicative of progression, corrupt politicians many times can use such incentives to implement manipulative and unscrupulous tactics to gain support from minority groups. 2. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. both quantitative and qualitative research. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. Descriptive statistics for the importance of the pros and cons, knowledge, and the percent of time participants used KICs. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. - 136.243.94.45. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Phillips, A. Proportional representation is a system of political representation that has been growing by leaps and bounds. The documentary forces us to, The United States is the most racially diverse nation in the world. Christiano, T. (2012). Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation pp 87110Cite as, Part of the Citizenship, Gender and Diversity book series (FEMCIT). Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. References. In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. Michele L. Swers is associate professor of government at Georgetown University. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. At extended last, mindful neighbors will probably concur upon common issues and cooperate to explain, As we look at social disorganization theory we knew that they were using spatial maps to look at the locations of juveniles. Fraser, N. (2013). The representation of women in Australia: Meaning and make-believe. that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Martin, J. R. (1994). Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. Descriptive research does not rely on only one type of data; it relies on both quantitative and qualitative research. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 11531174. Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. Ideally, governmental policies aim to defend citizens of a specific territory by setting laws that promote and implement egalitarianism. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. The affirmative action controversy. Get Access. (Eds.). Ethics, 91, 431450. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. Institutionalizing intersectionality. Social justice in the age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition, and participation. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, University of Neuchtel. For discussions of gender quotas in corporate boards, see, for example, Engelstad and Teigen (2012). Kymlicka, W. (1993). Cons. This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Descriptive Representation : Brief Description. The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. It might be helpful to take a longer-term perspective here: rather than focusing on the absence of particular (small) groups in society in any given legislature, focus on persistent exclusion over several legislatures. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation Tali Mendelberg Princeton University Christopher F. Karpowitz Brigham Young University Nicholas Goedert Washington University in St. Louis Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? Oxford: Polity Press. Cambridge: Polity Press. What Are the Advantages of Qualitative Research? For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Or at least, that's one theory. Gender representation and quotas. 3. This is the conceptual view of the end product, whatever the owner can think about relative to its use. Because of such instances, today, many political representatives attempt to practice descriptive representation which promotes racial unity. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. They chant Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and harmoniously sing patriotic songs such as The Star Spangled Banner while being utterly oblivious of Americas corrupt political system. (1993) have developed a system consisting of a propositional and depictorial partonomy (organization of parts) for reasoning, where the depictorial partonomy reflects the hierarchy proposed in representations for visual processes. And bear in mind that representatives act on behalf of groups not directly included in decision-making so we should also focus on the representation of interests (though this is much harder to do than simply counting, of course). Tests: The Material and Tangible Effects of Descriptive Representation. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Affordable. A main aspect of marginalization. The 116th Congress has been the most racially and ethnically diverse in U.S. history, with 56 Black members, 43 Hispanic members, 17 Asian members, and four Native American members. Perhaps the strongest argument for descriptive research is the fact that it offers well-rounded support for a thesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Sex and social justice. Would perfect mobility be perfect? Mansbridge, J. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. Register or login to receive notifications when there's a reply to your comment or update on this information. Phillips, A. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. The tyranny of the majority: Fundamental fairness in representative democracy. Research Fellowship Program Other Program and Initiatives 10 Anson Road,#11-20, International Plaza, Singapore-079903. As one Black representative to the U.S. Congress told Carol Swain, "One of the advantages, and disadvantages, of representing blacks is their shameless loyalty to their incumbents. Descriptive research is a process of systematically describing and analyzing something's features, properties or characteristics. The NWPC was formed by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists to encourage womens participation in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 5169. For example, if you are assembling a questionnaire, you might load the questions to direct the reader to answer a certain way. Since feedback is a necessary component of first-class customer service and workforce optimization . Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Professionals often use descriptive statistics to communicate simple trends within a data set. Galligan, Y. Register or login to make commenting easier. On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. Another benefit of descriptive research is that it enables you to determine the behavior of people in a natural setting. The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa, It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Conclusion. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. London: Routledge. The future of feminism. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. The closer assessment of pros and cons will. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). representation in the U.S. House of Representatives Advantages of Proportional Representation The main advantage of PR is that it makes sure that all the views of the public are represented. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. . We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . 1. Measures like percentiles and quartiles become very useful in this area of expertise. Lovenduski, J. Your email address will not be published. Various reasons clarify why this is. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. Why democracy? Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Pennock, J. R. (1979). The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Reisel, L. (2014). Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Comparative Analysis: Information can be compared in terms of graphical representation. The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Cons are arguments against it. New York: Free Press. Swiss-Subsaharan Africa Migration Inaugural call, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123404000134, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Tannen, D. (1994). It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Equal outcomes on an individual level would have implied that each and every individual got the same bundle of goods and burdens in question. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. #1) Waterfall Model. These descriptive representations reflect the usage characteristics of the end product, what the owner (s) are going to do with the end product, or how they will use it once they get it in their possession.
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