The pace of evacuation of Polish refugees from Iran to Africa was high. He was even more grateful at Yalta, when the Western Allies Sandifort,Mary-Ann The forgotten Story of Polish refugees in Zambia, Zambia's Bulletin & Record,June 2015 P20. Hitler talked about the conquest and colonization of Poland. It took a while for Durand to understand why Africa seemed so familiar to him. As elsewhere, kindergartens and grammar schools provided for the educational needs of the youngsters. T.5. about one in ten of all adult males,1 and murdered. List: Red Cross Polish Refugees The list of Polish refugees residing in areas of East Africa and Rhodesia was prepared by the Polish Red Cross in Nairobi in 1943. Relatives of Polish exiles who died in Uganda where they had found refuge during WW2, refresh the tombstone. They shot former politicians, and government, cultural, professional, and intellectual leaders, or sent them to die in concentration camps. All the camps and settlements established in Iran, Lebanon, Palestine, India, Africa, Mexico, and New Zealand were meant to be temporary quarters for the Polish refugees until the end of the war and the expected liberation of their country. The relief assistance afforded We were mentally shaped by such organizations, as Sodality of Our Lady, and The Eucharistic Crusade. Podlesice Zivilarbeiterlager (public servants Among the deportees 52 percent were Poles, 30 percent were Jews, and 18 percent were Ukrainians and Byelorussians. Migration to and from countries in Southern Africa 1 is driven largely by the pursuit of economic opportunities, political instability and increasingly, environmental hazards. The Polish press developed (the biggest titles: "Pole in Africa" and "Voice of Poland", and a number of newspapers published in settlements), and even Polish-language radio programmes broadcast from Nairobi. That was when Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a non-aggression pact that divided several eastern European countries, including Poland, into German and Soviet spheres of interest. Each camp had its own school, clubroom, and theatre. It had a clubroom, a hospital, and a gym. These included 200,828 ethnic Poles, 90,662 Jews, 31,392 Ukrainians, 27,418 Belorussians, 3,421 Russians, and 2,291 persons of other nationalities. He predicted that 8,000,000 to 9,000,000 would have to be expelled,14 which is close to thesubsequent 10,000,000 estimate of the West German government. Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. In Tanganyika, the largest settlement was Tengeru (4,000 refugees) and smaller camps were located in Kigoma, Kidugala, Ifunda, Kondoa, and Morogoro. During the second evacuation, 69,247 persons left the Soviet Union, including 25,501 civilians (9,633 children). Among the victims on this altar of silence were the 14,500 prisoners of war interned in Kozelsk, Starobelsk, and Ostashkov and Mexico. Zaproszenia ze strony Komitetu Narodowego Amerykanw Polskiego Pochodzenia, Ko?a Oficerw Rezerwy w Nowym Jorku. . The date is May 2000 and it comes US membership $20; Canadian membership is $25. My two aunts lived in Koja Camp for several years and spoke of their time there with great affection. Why didn't America open its doors, and open them wide, to the Polish refugees? In the Kidugala settlement, 798 Poles lived near the deserted post-German Protestant mission. During World War Two, close to 20,000 Polish people found refuge in African countries. After disembarking at the San Pedro naval dock near Los Angeles, the women and children under 14 years of age were placed in the Griffith Park Internment Camp in Burbank and the men in the Alien Camp in Tuna Canyon. There were also councils representing residents. Roma J. Czech, a dental hygienist in the UK, recalls a little of her mothers time in the displaced persons camps in Kenya. And a few years ago, in 1996 in Chicago, the Poles of Santa Rosa celebrated the 50th anniversary of their arrival in the United States. Korespondencja w sprawie pomocy charytatywnej, zaproszenia As the new border between the postwar Poland and the Soviet Union along the Curzon Line (requested by Stalin at Yalta) has been ratified, the ensuing population exchange affected about 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews) as well as close to half a million ethnic Ukrainians. IWM collections, This media is not currently available. Care had been taken in planning the settlement to avoid giving it the look of a military barracks. Most Poles were forced to stay in the Soviet Union. To relieve ourselves, we had to jump out of the train whenever it stopped. Archives in New York, English version: http://dione.ids.pl/~ijp/ang/onas.html. Image: Courtesy/Jonathan Durand. Ukraintsi v Rumunii, Chekhoslovachchyni, Pol'shi, Iuhoslavii. "Polish Refugees in Iran during World War II". [4] Among those who remained in the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the end of the war. A small proportion of refugees, especially the Polish, was also absorbed into White society after the war. Her son died young due to an accident; her daughter still lives in South Africa with her grandchildren.[16]. Ul. It was a hellhungry, sick people, children in rail cars, filled with louse. After twelve days, we reached the port of Beira in Mozambique. The local tribes provided the Poles with building materials and food and worked on the construction of Polish settlements. This thesis explores why the camp was built in such a remote area . ul. Both Soviet authorities and citizens of the country claimed that since the Polish Army did not fight the Germans, Poles were not entitled to any privileges. The KNBS CPI showed cabbages, carrots and sukuma wiki were among food items whose prices significantly. Tyrsa. the Poland - Soviet Union Border during 1945 -1950 Poles in Mexico were not allowed to leave their camps. Thus ended the saga Six years of war brought many changes to familiar festive rituals. Several scout groups, schools, training centers, a Women's Auxiliary Service, and an Officers' Legion were established. Camps: A large Polish settlement was also founded in Mexico. Abdi Latif Dahir. [19], The first Polish refugees came to Palestine in summer 1942. There, all were divided into several groups and began their education. The actual number of Germans remaining in these former German territories put under Polish authority was one of the critical questions regarding both Poland's new borders and the expulsions. The settlements in Koja and Tengeru ended their activities only in the second half of 1952. (01.02.2019). Stalin simply said that there were none -- all those surviving the war had run away13 Churchill, however, saw the true dimension of the issue. The food was delivered: rice, flour, meat, salt, sugar, tea, and some coffee. Trukhan, Myroslav. The first transport of Polish refugees from the Soviet Union arrived at the Tanga port in Tanganyika on August 27, 1942. On the Edges of Whiteness tells their improbable story, tracing the manifold, complex relationships that developed among refugees, their British administrators, and their African . Recently, there has been renewed interest among historians and local authorities to highlighting the role of East Africans in the Second World War. Polish exiles at a camp in Uganda. They also kept some small livestock such as chicken. it housed several camps for the thousands of orphaned Polish children, it Northern Rhodesia had three camps. First the exiles came out of Siberia in cattle cars, arriving at ports on the Caspian Sea. The Polish refugees housed in the various camps in Iran, Lebanon, Palestine, India, and Africa moved to Great Britain and its dominions, Canada and Australia, from where some of them later emigrated to the United States; some also settled in Argentina. By genocide, the murder However, school supplies were in limited supply throughout East Africa. Following the official closure of the internment camps and refugee settlements after the war in 1946-47, the country inherited the present Vengere Township in Rusape,4 Diggleford School 35-959 Rzeszw http://www.mapywig.org/m/wig500k/MAPA_POLSKI_1_500_000_PRZEMYSL_12_WYDANIE_LOTNICZE.jpg Hitler's orders issued at this crucial moment had nothing to do with the extermination of Jews, however these orders were a retaliation for derailment by the Poles of Hitler's strategy to conquer the Euro-Asian Heartland.. Sorokowski, Andrew. According to a January 15, 1943, note from Beria to Stalin, 389,041 Polish citizens were freed as a result of that "amnesty.". The first group of an estimated 17,000-19,000 Polish refugees arrived in Africa around 1942. Polish evacuees had to travel by train to Krasnovodsk, where they took a ship across the Caspian Sea to Iran. Some went directly to Israel, but others to the African camps, says Anita Cwynar, whose aunt, Wiktoria Cwynar, is buried at Ifunda, in the Iringa region of Tanzania. In 1948, the number of Poles in East Africa decreased to 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika. 22sm. As for what happened to those who never got out, God only The dead were not included in the census, because . The Polish consulates in the USSR issued in-land temporary passports for those being evacuated: These had to be presented at the border crossings in order to proceed. recruited families willing to take in a hundred orphans. officers, and natural "enemies of the people," like the clergy. Polish Children's Camp was financed by the government of New Zealand, with help from Polish Government in Exile, based in London. No wonder then that the estimates among Germans themselves for the human cost of the expulsion from the German eastern territories varies from 800,000 to 3,200,000 dead.29 Even lower figures are available. READ: How a displaced Polish family found refuge in Tanzania. Military Archives in Warsaw After the completion of the evacuation, there were over 110,000 Polish citizens in Iran. Korespondencja - sprawy prywatne i rodzinne (1949-1950, 1957). They settled in a camp at Santa Rosa, near the city of Len, in central Mexico. Southern Rhodesia, then a self-governing colony of the United Kingdom that is located in the now-independent Zimbabwe, entered World War II along with Britain shortly after the invasion of Poland in 1939. A few hundred people remained in Tanganyika. PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. Many of those who wound up in New Zealand and the Union of South Africa remained where they were brought. The arrival of the Polish 4.3 . Pictures taken at Nairobi station, when hundreds of refugee Polish women and children, deportees rescued from Soviet captivity in Siberia, passed through on their way to build a new life in Uganda. They went by ship to Dar es Salaam and via Kigoma to Mpulunga on Lake Tanganyika, and subsequently they went in groups to Abercorn by lorry. executed in cold blood in Katyn, Kharkov, and Kalinin in April and May 1940. In time, various Polish institutions, including 24 schools serving some 3,000 students, were established in Iran and several. In South Africa alone there were 18 Polish schools with about 1,800 students in attendance. 1,400 people arrived on board ship, then they were transported to Dar es Salaam. The majority refused to return to the country. But Poles were reluctant to return to their homeland, which was under staunch Soviet control. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM. http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part1.html. Transports of scouts, which went to Palestine, were directed to Camp Bashit. The cooking was done in a large kitchen situated in the middle. Language--P. Varshava, 1990. Africa provided another safe harbor for the Poles. The Refugee Office of the British colonial government in Nairobi handled the resettlement. Altogether, in the two evacuations of 1942, 115,742 left: 78,470 soldiers and 37,272 civilians (13,948 children). Information onsurname meaning, frequency, and distribution in Poland. Additional Polish transports arrived in late 1943. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February . 8s. The document, The last Pole, Mr. Edward Wjtowicz, was buried in Tengeru in 2015. which I can't recall at the moment. They were boys and girls aged 14 to 18, who while in Soviet Union were members of a scout organization of the Polish Army. That was when Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin signed a non-aggression pact that divided several eastern European. During and afterWorld War II, his Polish grandmother Kazia Gerech had lived in a refugee camp in what is present-day Tanzania the stories of her childhood near the foot of Mount Kilimanjaro had burned into his soul. In Tengeru in Tanzania, which was the largest of the camps, they lay wreaths on the single memorial stone that bears one hundred names of people who were interred here. The Koja settlement covered an area measuring over 700 acres and was located on several hills overlooking the lake. "I recognized the hospital and a group of young girls walking toward the camera. After Yalta At its peak, Koja accommodated around 3,000 Polish refugees. list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia. Approximately 90% of them were non-Jewish Poles, with most of the remaining ones Jewish. The housing was primitive: dwellings made of clay, with roofs made of grass and banana leaves. centr. The Indian government agreed to host 10,000 Polish refugees, including 5,000 orphans. Polish children in Tengeru, Tanzania in 1946. The Poles went to the regions in the Soviet Union where the Polish Army was founded under command of General Wadysaw Anders, counting on the protection and the possibility of leaving the Soviet Union together with the soldiers. But Iran proved unable to care for such large numbers of refugees, causing the British government to move Polish civilians to other British colonies. She hoped we would return to Poland some day. Wherever they went the Polish refugees encountered effusive good will not only on the part of the respective governments that invited them but also on the part of the native populations. 11 Perhaps no more than a couple of hundred thousand Poles lived there as well.12. "It was a friendly existence, side by side," she told DW. Unfortunately, due to bad health conditions caused by the poor living standard in the Soviet Union and the hardships of traveling, more than 2,100 people (5.7% of the total) died in Iran due to dysentery, typhoid, malaria and diseases caused by malnutrition. Another quarter of a million were repatriated to the "recovered territories" of T.6. The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. Every effort will be made to help them forget the horrors and suffering they have seen. Thousands of Europeans sought sanctuary in Africa during World War II among them were many Polish people. The coastline of Lake Victoria consisted of papyrus reeds, scrubby bush and dense forest, ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes and tsetse fly. And none of these monstrous figures even include civilian and military combat or war-deaths. However, in October 1946, the Secretary of State in London pronounced that refugees who could get a job in the area for at least 6 months, or had a sum of money sufficient to sustain themselves, could stay. Two hostels were also established: one in Island Bay for girls, the other in Lyall Bay for boys. The sworn deposition provides evidence of Soviet responsibility for the 1940 massacre of some 22,000 Polish officers in the Katyn forest and other places in what was then the Soviet Union. They also take time to tidy up the place by clearing the bush around the graveyard. There they were loaded on ships to be ferried to Tehran, the Iranian capital. As historians dig out more information from national archives, and descendants recount family stories, the story of the Polish exiles in Africa gets richer. Subject: UKRAINIANS IN POLAND In July 1942 government in London, in consultation with the governors of then Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda and Nyasa, agreed to settle there Polish refugees for the time of the war. Often it was not accurate, especially as far as dates 23sm. In the second stage of evacuation from the interior, more than 43,000 military personnel and about 25,000 civilians left with General Wadysaw Anders across the Caspian Sea to Iran. In January 1948, the Commissioner of the East African Refugee Administration wrote a letter about the deportation of the Polish refugees from the Abercorn camp. and Polish archives After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. Most of them lived in Uganda and Tanzania (then Tanganyika), a considerable number in Zambia (then Northern Rhodesia) and Zimbabwe (then Southern Rhodesia) and some in . diseases acquired in the Soviet Union which continued to rob the refugees of The refugees arrived on African shores in two stages. Further Polish transports went to India by sea, from the port of Ahvaz to Bombay. Wymiana listw z instytucjami w Stanach Polish Genealogical society of America http://www.pgsa.org/. Moreover, even while in Iran, although debriefed, the refugees were not encouraged to speak about their experiences in the Soviet Union with outsiders. Awi'tojerska Animal husbandry was also popular as a chicken farm and piggery (the pride of the settlement) were later established and would produce hams and highly spiced Polish sausages. The settlements were divided into sections and groups, and the heads of departments of education, pastoral care, health care, culture and work were appointed. Among people who stayed there was Bogdan Czaykowski. Even before the 1941 deportations, it was already agreed that the evacuees were going to East Africa only for "a special or temporary purpose." This site was spectacularly located on a peninsula jutting out into Lake Victoria. The British did not have the intention of keeping the Polish refugees in East Africa when it was decided to take them there. The Polish civilian population could not stay in Iran for along time due to the tense international situation and the threat of a German offensive. Within a few weeks, the Soviets invaded Poland from the east. Bolicza 2, Addresses of Ukrainian Sea transports were sent to the transit camps in British India (the port of Karachi in todays Pakistan) and from there to the settlements in India, Africa, Mexico and New Zealand. [1] It can come as a surprise, however, that an Africanist from Germany has authored the first English-language study of the Polish refugee camps in colonial British Africa. Gdansk: http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, The Archives of New Records 21sm. Another report that Van Vliet made a few days later in Washington is considered missing. The adults were uneasy and afraid of the unknown, but us, the children, were happy for an adventure. Own farms were run. In Africa, Polish schools, churches, hospitals, civic centers, and manufacturing and service cooperatives were founded and Polish culture prospered. The last Pole, Mr. Edward Wjtowicz, was buried in Tengeru in 2015. The Poles living in the settlements in the then Tanganyika formed well-organized communities with an efficiently functioning educational system, cultural and sporting activities. Korespondencja z rodzina (1939-1940). Korespondencja, m.in. On March 19, 1942, General Wadysaw Anders ordered the evacuation of Polish soldiers and civilians who lived next to army camps. Together, they immigrated to Canada. Who is Nigerias president-elect Bola Tinubu? Language--U. N'iu Iork, Paryzh, 1990. Then a special camp for Polish children was built near the village of Balachadi in Jamnagar, Kathiawar, thanks to help of the Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar (see also Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees). The second world war was not fought to save the Jews. This has fueled speculation that the U.S. government helped cover up Soviet responsibility for the massacre out of fear that saying the truth would anger Stalin, whom the Allies were counting on to help them defeat Germany and Japan in World War II. [3] Thanks to a remarkable reversal of fortune well over 110,000 Poles, including 36,000 women and children, managed to leave the Soviet Union with Anders' Army. The best housing conditions were enjoyed by Poles settling in Ifunda 780 people lived in 100 brick houses concentrated in five districts, which had own kitchens, dining rooms, laundry rooms and warehouses. One of the camps was in Abercorn, in the remote Northern Province. Dyrektor dr. Hubert Wajs, The State Archive in Przemysl South Africa, South Rhodesia, and North Rhodesia also became the home of Poles. The main wave of Polish refugees sailed away from Iran to Africa. A few hundred people remained in Tanganyika. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM, The Soviets arrested and It lasted until 16 January 1943, at which point it was effectively revoked. Society volunteers offer a limited research service to members for a reasonable At the Polish Institute in London, he found the only existing film footage from the Tanzanian refugee camp where his grandmother had lived. In Ahvaz, "Camp Polonia" was one of the main exit centers for Poles leaving Iran, and the last Ahvaz camp closed in 1945. However, during first years of war the rate of German and Soviet murder of the Poles was much higher than that of the Jews. Nothing looked like Poland, but adults in our camp did their best to emphasize our roots. The amnesty for the Polish people in Russia came about as a consequence of an agreement between Stalin, Churchill, Anthony Eden and the Polish government in exile in London. A Canadian filmmaker explores the journey of his Polish forefathers in a documentary. They were going from Kigoma to Dar es Salaam and from there by ship to the United Kingdom, where their next of kinoften husbands and sons who had been fighting in the warwere getting courses and training for civilian jobs. Nowoisiad-Ostrowska depicted quite a sociable image with singing songs in the evening, listening together to the radio in order to be informed about the war in Europe, and doing craftwork with other women in the evenings.[14]. Polish-American archives: http://wilson.ctstateu.edu/lib/archives/polish/ In an official letter from the British Authorities it was said: "It has been agreed that the welfare work in the Polish settlements must continue and the minimum staff stays to ensure this must be retained." There were 22 different camps that housed 13,000-19,000 Polish exiles spread out across East and Southern Africa, some with more than 6,000 people, others with just a handful of families. 3 prymirnyky. In addition, your use of our website is tantamount to your consent to the processing of your personal data provided by electronic means. Language--U. Kholm, 1943. Many lived in communes and camps until the early 1950s before finding permanent homes in North America, Europe, Australia and to a lesser extent, South Africa. The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. Ukrainian Zjednoczonych (1941-1942). The Polish migration to Africa has its roots in an event from August 1939. For tens of thousands the Soviet Union became their final resting place before the war's end. Expectations and the execution of rules concerning the refugees . For the plight of Poles who remained in the Soviet interior until the defeat of Germany, see Polish population transfers (194446) and the population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. A hundred kilometres west in the town of Lublin, a small Red Cross centre is overflowing with donations from people eager to help. http://wilson.ctstateu.edu/lib/archives/polish/, http://www.poland.pl/articles/index.htm?c=421, http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/archiwum.html, http://www.mapywig.org/m/wig500k/MAPA_POLSKI_1_500_000_KRAKOW_11.jpg, http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM, http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part1.html, http://www.iyp.org/polish/history/antypolonizmy/jedwabne_en_124.html, http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part2.html, Polish They ended up in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, and British Africa, as well as in Mexico. Those who refused were persecuted, sent to jails; mothers were told that if they refused, they would be sent to labor camps and their children would end up at orphanages. page http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/, PIASA: http://www.piasa.org/polisharchives.html They were surrounded by dense, wildlife-infested forest. In August 1945 the number of Polish refugees in Northern Rhodesia was 3,419 of which 1,227 stayed in camps in the capital Lusaka, 1,431 in Bwana Mkubwa at the Copperbelt,164 in Fort But that was not When Canadian Jonathan Durand traveled to Africa for the first time as a 20-year-old, he experienceda strange sense of being at home, an odd feeling for a young white man. Each slice of bread had to be stolen or gotten in any other way. Some 3,000 students, were directed to camp Bashit `` recovered territories '' of T.6 centre is overflowing with from. A hospital, and natural `` enemies of the British did not have the intention keeping... 24 February grandchildren. 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