NASA Glenn Research Center's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, houses the world's largest, most powerful space environment simulation facilities, most powerful spacecraft acoustic test chamber, and highest capacity and most powerful spacecraft shaker system. NASA also notes that all of the operations and phases of the Apollo program were closely followed and under the scrutiny of the news media, from liftoff to splashdown. The cameras were fitted with a Rseau plate (a clear glass plate with a reticle etched on), making it impossible for any photographed object to appear "in front" of the grid. NASA's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio is now the Since 2012, Plum Brook Station has received about $31 million in annual funding from NASA, most of which comes from the agency's Construction and Environmental Compliance account the budget. Later Apollo missions did not use SSTV. The photos contain artifacts like the two seemingly matching 'C's on a rock and on the ground. Plum Brooks newest addition, the Combined Effects Chamber, which was designed to simulate the conditions found on the surface of the Moon or Mars, had never been used. Only about 30kg (66lb) of lunar meteorites have been found on Earth thus far, despite private collectors and governmental agencies worldwide searching for more than 20 years.[174]. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. In August 2021, the facility was renamed to honor Apollo astronaut and Ohio native Neil Armstrong. By 1975 there were only a handful of NASA employees left at Plum Brook Station to supervise the contractors that maintained the facilities. [48] With the number of people involved, and noting the Watergate scandal, Jillette noted that someone would have outed the hoax by now. Nafzger praised Lowry for restoring "crispness" to the Apollo video, which will remain in black and white and contains conservative digital enhancements. Those who believe the Moon landings were faked offer several theories about the motives of NASA and the United States government. Note the near-transparency of the exhaust, even in air (water is being sprayed up from below), Atlas uses non-hypergolic kerosene (RP-1) fuel which gives a bright and very visible exhaust, 1.5MN (340,000lbf) of thrust, Bright flame from first stage of the Saturn V, burning RP-1, 3. One rebuttal by Sibrel to this claim is that NASA had compartmentalized all of the work on the Apollo program. Photography experts (including those unrelated to NASA) have replied that the oddities are consistent with what should be expected from a real Moon landing, and are not consistent with tweaked or studio imagery. Neither the Atomic Energy Commission nor NASA Lewis had been given any indication that the nuclear propulsion program would be cancelled until the budget was officially announced on January 5, 1973. Also, six of the twelve Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing between 1968 and 1972 are still alive. The station isnt typically open to the public, although Open House events have been run in the past, allowing visitors to tour the various facilities. At a press conference Thursday, Marvel Studio officials said Plum Brook played a vital role in bringing the movie to Ohio. The Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility (formerly known as Plum Brook Station) is part of NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. NASA raised "about US$30 billion" to go to the Moon, and Kaysing claimed in his book that this could have been used to "pay off" many people. [7] Despite having no knowledge of rockets or technical writing,[8] Kaysing was hired as a senior technical writer in 1956 by Rocketdyne, the company that built the F-1 engines used on the Saturn V rocket. There appear to be "hot spots" in some photos that look like a large spotlight was used in place of the Sun. A street in front of NASA's D.C. headquarters has been named in honor of the Black women who were essential to early spaceflight. [9][10] He served as head of the technical publications unit at the company's Propulsion Field Laboratory until 1963. They point to oddities in photos and films taken on the Moon. The Plum Brook Reactor was a NASA 60 megawatt water-cooled and moderated research nuclear reactor, [1] [2] located in Sandusky, Ohio, 50 mi west of the NASA Glenn Research Center (at that time the NASA Lewis Research Center) in Cleveland, of which it was organizationally a part. [195], There are subcultures worldwide which advocate the belief that the Moon landings were faked. Some still think so", "Solar corona photographed from Apollo 15 one minute prior to sunrise", "Goddard's Journal: Are Apollo Moon Photos Fake? NASA refers to the rocks and particles collected from the Moon as being evidence of the program's legitimacy, as they claim that these rocks could not have been formed under conditions on Earth. The leading candidate at this point, the IG wrote, is NASAs Space Launch System. Footprints in the Moondust are unexpectedly well preserved, despite the lack of moisture. NASA responds to Bill Kaysing's book, We Never Went to the Moon, by identifying one of his claims of fraud regarding the lack of a crater left on the Moon's surface by the landing of the lunar module, and refuting it with facts about the soil and cohesive nature of the surface of the Moon. The mockumentary based on this idea, Dark Side of the Moon, could have fueled the conspiracy theory. These may be labeled studio props. Kubrick also used some 50mm f/0.7 lenses that were left over from a batch made by Zeiss for NASA. In another blow for B-2, the European Space Agency apparently will not use the facility to test the upper-stage engine for the successor to its Ariane 5 rocket. One passage on how Kubrick was supposedly coerced into the conspiracy reads: NASA further leveraged their position by threatening to publicly reveal the heavy involvement of Mr. Kubrick's younger brother, Raul, with the American Communist Party. 6. 2. Then theres a wind tunnel called the Hypersonic Tunnel facility, which allows NASA to test the aircraft of the future at speeds up to seven times the speed of sound. In 1961, NASA's Plum Brook Reactor Facility in Sandusy, Ohio went live, with a focus on researching nuclear-powered vehicles first airplanes, and then rockets. The air conditioning units that were part of the astronauts' spacesuits could not have worked in an environment of no atmosphere.[109]. Several scenes in 2001 show dust billowing as spacecraft landed, something that would not happen in the vacuum environment of the Moon. Plum Brook is currently . This included de-energizing electrical systems, deactivating boilers, shutting down gas systems, depressurizing air service, etc. In 2013, SpaceX tested the 5.2-meter fairing for its Falcon 9 rocket there. [123] Senior engineer Dick Nafzger, who was in charge of the live TV recordings during the Apollo missions, was put in charge of the restoration project. The problem is that nobody has yet committed to testing an engine at B-2. Penn Jillette made note of this in the "Conspiracy Theories" episode of his television show Penn & Teller: Bullshit! Some of the facilities, most of which date back to the 1960s, are so rundown they require millions of dollars in repairs costs that must be borne by prospective customers who show no sign of materializing, the IG wrote. A propulsion engine testbed that paved the way for the Space Shuttle launch sits without recognition at this rocket center. BROOK PARK, Ohio NASA proposed a budget on Monday of $802.4 million for Glenn Research Center in fiscal 2021, down from an unofficial 2020 budget of $945 million. In 1965, the United States started to achieve many firsts (such as the first successful space rendezvous), which were important steps in a mission to the Moon. Analyses by scientists worldwide all agree that these rocks came from the Moon no published accounts in peer-reviewed scientific journals exist that dispute this claim. The digital technology on Earth during the time of the Moon landings was just in its infancy. "[35] In fact, NASA accounted for the cost of Apollo to the US Congress in 1973, totaling US$25.4 billion. Furthermore, NASA and others say that these gains by the Soviets are not as impressive as they seem; that a number of these firsts were mere stunts that did not advance the technology greatly, or at all, e.g., the first woman in space. 1. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}412309N 824059W / 41.38585N 82.68293W / 41.38585; -82.68293. She also said that several letters appeared in The West Australian discussing the Coca-Cola bottle incident within ten days of the lunar landing.[71]. The Gas Handling Area was removed in March 2010, followed by the High Energy Rocket Engine Research Facility (B1) and Nuclear Rocket Dynamics and Control Facility (B3) facilities in fall 2010. The Apollo 15 retroreflector was deployed on July 31, 1971, and was detected by McDonald Observatory within a few days. And at the Mechanical Vibration Facility, spacecraft launch conditions can be tested in what is the worlds most powerful spacecraft shaker system. Typical delays in communication were about 0.5 seconds. The Daily Telegraph published a story in 2002 saying that European astronomers at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) would use it to view the landing sites. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. On this page: Acoustics Facilities Combustion Facilities Components Facilities [166][167] The Indian Space Research Organisation launched their uncrewed lunar probe on September 8, 2008 (IST), from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. This direct TV signal, along with telemetry data, was recorded onto one-inch fourteen-track analog tape at Parkes. [136] Most personal computers as of 2019, use 50,000100,000 times this amount of RAM. [165], On September 1, 2009, India's lunar mission Chandrayaan-1 took photos of the Apollo 15 landing site and tracks of the lunar rovers. Get top stories, military space news and more delivered to your inbox. In December 1972 NASA canceled all of its nuclear propulsion and power programs, resulting in the closure of Plum Brook Station [today, the Neil Armstrong Test Facility]. NASA shelved other major programs, such as a space station and long-duration human journeys to other planets. [20], Hoax theory debunker Phil Plait says in his 2002 book Bad Astronomy,[b] that the Soviets with their own competing Moon program, an extensive intelligence network and a formidable scientific community able to analyze NASA data would have 'cried foul' if the United States tried to fake a Moon landing,[21] especially since their own program had failed. [117] suggests that he could have been pressured to agree to the conspiracy to protect himself from recriminations over his past. There are no stars in any of the photos; the Apollo 11 astronauts also stated in post-mission press conferences that they did not remember seeing any stars during extravehicular activity (EVA). [41] In fact, the ending of the landings was not "sudden" (see Space Race above). Today, a handful of test facilities are currently operational at Plum Brook, all of which rank among the largest and most powerful space environment simulation facilities in the world. The inspector general recommended NASA create a long-term strategy for either maintaining or disposing of underutilized infrastructure at Plum Brook. The program demonstrated several technologies employed by large wind turbines today. This number includes the crews of Apollos 8, Faked Moon Landing Hidden Subliminal Messages in Stanley Kubrick's Movie 'The Shining', Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 00:31, "On Eagle's Wings: The Parkes Observatory's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission", Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex, Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing, Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings, Apollo missions tracked by independent parties, Moon landing conspiracy theories in popular culture, List of topics characterized as pseudoscience, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "NASA Spacecraft Images Offer Sharper Views of Apollo Landing Sites", "LRO slewed 19 down-Sun allowing the illuminated side of the still standing American flag to be captured at the Apollo 17 landing site. This implies that the world's major observatories (as well as the Hubble Program) are complicit in the hoax by refusing to take photos of the landing sites. The reactor first went critical on 14 June 1961, and was finally shut down on 5 January 1973. NASA Official: Anne Mills [30], Also, there was nothing "abrupt" about the Apollo cancellations, which were made for cost-cutting reasons. "[179] Geologists realize that gold and silver deposits on Earth are the result of the action of hydrothermal fluids concentrating the precious metals into veins of ore. There was very little activity at Plum Brook until the late 1980s when Lewis Research Center reactivated four test sites and resumed testing. David Scott drops a hammer and feather on the Moon, 1. [182] Smaller retroreflectors were also put on the Moon by the Russians; they were attached to the uncrewed lunar rovers Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2. These were announced in January and September 1970,[31] two full years before the "late 1972" claimed by Sibrel. Conspiracists have focused on perceived gaps or inconsistencies in the historical record of the missions. Its used for testing full-scale space hardware, including parts of rockets, Mars landers, and space stations. This would have allowed for only a small number of people to actually know the truth about faking the Moon landings.[49]. [13][14], In 1980, the Flat Earth Society accused NASA of faking the landings, arguing that they were staged by Hollywood with Walt Disney sponsorship, based on a script by Arthur C. Clarke and directed by Stanley Kubrick. In northern Ohio, the glorious past of America's trains is on full display. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Astrophysics and the army will not need the chambers rocket-testing capabilities, so the two groups are out as possible bill payers for B-2s broken steam-ejection system. However, five hours before transmission they were told to stand down. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. Overall, however, Plum Brook remained quiet. Conspiracists argue that Marshall Space Flight Center Director Wernher von Braun's trip to Antarctica in 1967 (about two years before the Apollo 11 launch) was to gather lunar meteorites to be used as fake Moon rocks. It spotted traces of the Apollo landings. No purchase necessary. As a result, Lewis partnered with the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) to construct a series of experimental large horizontal axis wind turbines. While the Apollo missions gathered 380kg (840lb) of Moon rocks, the Soviet Luna 16, Luna 20 and Luna 24 robots gathered only 326g (11.5oz) combined (that is, less than one-thousandth as much). See. [125], Grumman appears to have destroyed most of its LM documentation,[116][126] but copies of the blueprints for the Saturn V exist on microfilm.[127]. A-3 was to be the high-altitude test site for the mothballed J-2X upper-stage engine, designed to power the Ares 5 cargo launcher canceled along with Constellation. [163] The photos show the descent stage of the landers from each mission on the Moon's surface. [151][152] In November 2002, Peter Jennings said "NASA is going to spend a few thousand dollars trying to prove to some people that the United States did indeed land men on the Moon," and "NASA had been so rattled, [they] hired [somebody] to write a book refuting the conspiracy theorists." [124] In time for the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing, Lowry Digital had been tasked with restoring the surviving footage. The launch and splashdown would be real but the spacecraft would stay in Earth orbit and fake footage broadcast as "live from the Moon." Much third-party evidence for the landings exists, and detailed rebuttals to the hoax claims have been made. Oberg says that belief in the hoax theories is not the fault of the conspiracists, but rather that of teachers and people (including NASA) who should provide information to the public. Some main arguments (set in plain text) and counter-arguments (set in italics) are listed below. The original SSTV transmission had better detail and contrast than the scan-converted pictures, and it is this original tape that is missing. 3. ", "Clavius: Bibliography una ronald and the coke bottle", "Clavius: Photo Analysis buzz's hot spot", "A Detailed Look at the Camera Gear Behind the Historical Apollo 11 Moon Landing", "How NASA Broadcast Neil Armstrong Live from the Moon", "Clavius: Environment radiation and the van allen belts", "Van Allen Probes Discover a New Radiation Belt", "Radiation Protection and Instrumentation", "Phenomenology of soil erosion due to rocket exhaust on the Moon and the Mauna Kea lunar test site", "Clavius: Bibliography cosmic dave's 32 questions", "Clavius: Bibliography the Collier article", "One giant blunder for mankind: how NASA lost moon pictures", "The Search for the Apollo 11 SSTV Tapes", "The GSFC Scientific Data Storage Problem", "The Apollo 11 Telemetry Data Recordings: A Final Report", "NASA lost moon footage, but Hollywood restores it", "Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Video Streams", "Clavius: Technology beating the Soviets", "Women in Space Part One, Female Firsts in Flight for Space Exploration and Research", "Xerox commercial from 1972 shows the computer as your personal assistant", "Your smartphone is millions of times more powerful that all of NASA's combined computing in 1969", "What It's Like to Be a Moon Landing Conspiracist in 2019", "Comments on the Fox special on the Hoax", "NASA Apollo Mission Apollo-1 Baron Report", "Did U.S. Astronauts Really Land on the Moon", "Clavius: Bibliography the Kubrick article", "How Stanley Kubrick Faked the Apollo Moon Landings", "Faked Moon Landings and Kubrick's 'The Shining', "Moon Landings 'Fake': Shock video shows 'Stanley Kubrick' admit historic event was 'HOAX', "Apollo 15 Landing Site Spotted in Images", "Can we see Apollo hardware on the Moon? The combination of the Lewis Field and Plum Brook locations comprise over 6,800 acres of land and include 450 research and test facilities. [105], 4. Lewis management also actively solicited other agencies and institutions to use Plum Brook for their test programs. The Apollo samples are easily distinguishable from both meteorites and Earth rocks[6] in that they show a lack of hydrous alteration products, they show evidence of having undergone impact events on an airless body, and they have unique geochemical traits. It is now accepted by the scientific community that rocks have been blasted from both the Martian and lunar surface during impact events, and that some of these have landed on the Earth as meteorites. These beautiful wineries were at the center of Lake Erie's "grape belt" back when the Midwest dominated American wine production. Measuring 100' in diameter and 122' high, it was ideal for testing the Mars lander systems and International Space Station hardware. Others are looking for the missing telemetry tapes for different reasons. The cavernous vacuum chamber continues to attract a steady stream of customers, including SpaceX, which has tested both its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft at the facility. Plum Brook Station is a test facility for NASA's Glenn Research Center. [3] The station included several large test facilities besides the reactor, including liquid hydrogen facilities for development and testing of the Centaur upper stage. Of special concern to the IG is Plum Brooks B-2 Spacecraft Propulsion Research Facility, a cavernous vacuum chamber built in 1964 and used to test-fire rocket engines in space-like conditions. Also, radio transmissions between the astronauts on the surface and in orbit were independently recorded. All of the conspiracists' claims examined on the show were labeled as having been "Busted", meaning that the conspiracists' claims were not true. And considering the cost of maintaining them, this was no small issue. [160] The telescope was used to image the Moon and provided a resolution of 130 meters (430ft), which was not good enough to resolve the 4.2 meters (14ft) wide lunar landers or their long shadows.[161]. Sandusky's Plum Brook Station is an annex to the NASA Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field in Cleveland, Ohio. [145], In July 2009, Weidner posted on his webpage "Secrets of the Shining", where he states that Kubrick's The Shining (1980) is a veiled confession of his role in the scam project. The radio telescope at Parkes Observatory in Australia was able to receive the telemetry from the Moon at the time of the Apollo 11 moonwalk. Lewis Director Bruce Lundin traveled to Plum Brook that day to personally inform the staff that the station would be closed down. Glenn began making plans to remove a number of its old test sites, including the Rocket Systems Area at Plum Brook. [28] The Soviet Union tracked the Apollo missions at the Space Transmissions Corps, which was "fully equipped with the latest intelligence-gathering and surveillance equipment. Meanwhile Plum Brook continued worked to complete several tests during this period, including testing of the Centaur Standard Shroud for the upcoming Viking mission. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders. All rights reserved. Proving a hoax would have been a huge propaganda win for the Soviets. A total of 6003 participants aged 18-35 years old residing in four major Canadian cities completed an online survey . As of January 2015, NASA, the Department of Defense, and commercial launch providers are using or have plans to use the [Space Power Facility] through at least 2020 to test space-related hardware, including for NASAs Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the IG wrote. [132] The Soviet LK lunar lander was tested in uncrewed low-Earth-orbit flights three times in 1970 and 1971. [181] The Apollo 14 astronauts deployed a retroreflector on February 5, 1971, and McDonald Observatory detected it the same day. 4. According to James Longuski, the conspiracy theories are impossible because of their size and complexity. Bart Sibrel cites the relative level of the United States and USSR space technology as evidence that the Moon landings could not have happened. 11. Photos of the Moon have been taken by Hubble, including at least two Apollo landing sites, but the Hubble resolution limits viewing of lunar objects to sizes no smaller than 5569m (6075yd), which is insufficient resolution to see any landing site features.[156]. ESA now is planning to build a test stand in Europe to accommodate such tests, the IG wrote. Plum Brook Station is the 2590 hectare (6400 acre) field station of NASA Glenn Research Center. 4. A remote Ohio facility used to test NASA's new moon-bound spacecraft has been renamed for the first astronaut to step foot on the lunar surface. The sites, which had been exposed to the elements for years, were beyond restoration. The Space Power Facility, meanwhile, is the largest vacuum chamber in the world. NASAs astrophysics department plans to test high-altitude balloons in the chamber, and the U.S. Army plans to test components for unmanned aerial vehicles there, according to the IG. Covering the business and politics of space. The Lunar Modules weighed 17 tons and made no mark on the Moondust, yet footprints can be seen beside them. We hypothesized that (a) endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracy theories is positively associated with support for VR, and (b) psychological distress modifies the relationship between COVID-19 conspiracy theories and support for VR. On this page: Plum Brook Station Closure Standby Years Demolition of the Sites The exception is that of Apollo 11, which has lain on the lunar surface since being blown over by the Lunar Module Ascent Propulsion System. in 2005. [174] Furthermore, lunar meteorites are so rare that it is unlikely that they could account for the 380kg (840lb) of Moon rocks that NASA gathered between 1969 and 1972. [54] Conspiracists contend that NASA chose not to put the stars into the photos because astronomers would have been able to use them to determine whether the photos were taken from the Earth or the Moon, by means of identifying them and comparing their celestial position and parallax to what would be expected for either observation site. The Lunar Modules made no blast craters or any sign of dust scatter.[98]. Dgh writes: "The mass media catapult these half-truths into a kind of twilight zone where people can make their guesses sound as truths. Because von Braun was a former SS officer (though one who had been detained by the Gestapo),[170] the documentary film Did We Go? The 2015 movie Moonwalkers is a fictional account of a CIA agent's claim of Kubrick's involvement. [24], Conspiracist Bart Sibrel responded, incorrectly asserting that, "the Soviets did not have the capability to track deep space craft until late in 1972, immediately after which, the last three Apollo missions were abruptly canceled. SELENE orbited the Moon at about 100km (62 miles) altitude. The presence of retroreflectors (mirrors used as targets for Earth-based tracking lasers) from the Laser Ranging Retroreflector Experiment (LRRR) is evidence that there were landings. [146][147] This thesis was the subject of refutation in an article published on Seeker nearly half a year later.[148]. [1] Since the late 2000s, high-definition photos taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) of the Apollo landing sites have captured the Lunar Module descent stages and the tracks left by the astronauts. [121] Goddard was storing 35,000 new tapes per year in 1967,[122] even before the Moon landings. Plum Brook Station, however, continues to support NASA and industry with its four large test facilities today. Blueprints and design and development drawings of the machines involved are missing. [117][118], Dr. David R. Williams (NASA archivist at Goddard Space Flight Center) and Apollo 11 flight director Eugene F. Kranz both acknowledged that the original high-quality Apollo 11 telemetry data tapes are missing. NASA's Glenn Research Center's world-class facilities and expert staff help develop and verify cutting-edge technologies in the areas of aeronautics, aerospace and space. The only real success story in terms of actual customers was, and still is, the Space Power Facility. 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