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1964 promised to be a volatile year in an already charged arena. She recruited volunteers from among the Union prisoners held at Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990, rev. MUSINGS FOR MARCH, 2023 | INI World Report Explanation: In 1964, the American government claimed that American naval ships had been attacked in territorial waters in the Gulf of Tonkin. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken.. Johnson and his advisers had approved retaliatory strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases as soon as the reports of the apparent attack of August 4 came in. North Vietnamese warships purportedly attacked United States warships, the U.S.S. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, the United States committed its full strength to the conflict. History, 21.06.2019 19:50. In fact, the Gulf of Tonkin incident, as it became known, turned out to be a fictitious creation courtesy of the government to escalate war in Vietnam leading to the deaths of tens of thousands of U.S. troops and millions of Vietnamese, fomenting the largest anti-war movement in American history, and tarnishing . On 2nd August, 1964, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats travelled towards the Maddox. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution was also called USS Maddox incident. And why were highly skilled seamen and technicians from the Norwegian Navy involved? Vietnam Veteran News with Mack Payne: Episode 2450 - The Norwegians Quiz #11 Flashcards | Quizlet Reduce the president's ability to wage war without congressional consen, Which of the following is true about President Johnson and the Vietnam War?. 22. Roe v. Wade, the court case that legalized abortion hinged on what legal idea? The Maddox, however, was not. various battlefields. O A. land and freedom In July 1964, Lieutenant General William C. Westmoreland, commander of the U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, shifted the operation's tactics from commando attacks on land to shore bombardments using mortars, rockets, and recoilless rifles fired from South Vietnamese patrol boats.1, The U.S. Navy, meanwhile, had been conducting occasional reconnaissance and SIGINT-gathering missions farther offshore in the Tonkin Gulf. This was true from this first airstrike when two American aircraft were shot down during Pierce-Arrow. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. But at 1045, he reversed orders, turning the Maddox back toward the coast, this time to the north of Hon Me Island. Did the North Vietnamese actually attack US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin? The simple answer is that the Norwegian Navy has a long and murky history of cooperation with American intelligence. Stockdale and the other pilots, with orders to "attack and destroy the PT boats," made multiple firing runs on the enemy vessels. In fact, one of the patrols' main missions was to gather information that would be useful to the raiders.2 A top-secret document declassified in 2005 revealed the standing orders to the Desoto patrols: "[L]ocate and identify all coastal radar transmitters, note all navigation aids along the DVR's [Democratic Republic of Vietnam's] coastline, and monitor the Vietnamese junk fleet for a possible connection to DRV/Viet Cong maritime supply and infiltration routes."3. It was passed on August 7, 1964, by the U.S. Congress after an alleged attack on two U.S. naval destroyers stationed off the coast of Vietnam. (20) The more astute cardboard-roll hangers wait until they have been placed in the closet, out of view, before they collapse. Weather conditions were clear, and seas were calm. "18, Back on board the Ticonderoga, Commander Stockdale had been ordered to prepare to launch an air strike against the North Vietnamese targets for their "attacks" of the previous evening. The Pentagon Papers, published in the 1970's subsequently proved that the claims, along with the rest of the information published by the American government justifying US involvement in Vietnam were falsehoods. A second boat then launched two "fish" but was hit by gunfire from the destroyer. Lyndon Johnson on August 5, 1964, assertedly in reaction to two allegedly unprovoked attacks by North Vietnamese torpedo boats on the destroyers Maddox and C. Turner Joy of the U.S. Carter's campaign focused less on issues than on his background as a hardworking, honest, Southern Baptist southerner, All of the following led to the economic development of the Sun Belt EXCEPT. Jim and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War (New York: Harper and Row, 1984), p. 23. Within time, the conflict in Vietnam would likely have occurred anyway, given the political and military events already in motion. Subscribe to Seymour Hersh to keep reading this post and get 7 days of free access to the full post archives. Lawrence, Mark Atwood. In August 1964, the United States entered the Vietnam War after reports of an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin. 13. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 108. and What was the intention of the War Powers Resolution? Lyndon Johnson was sworn in as president later that day. A plane piloted by Commander James Stockdale joined the action, flying at low altitude to see the enemy ships. Titled "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2-4 August 1964," it had been published in the classified Cryptological Quarterly in early 2001. After receiving information that there was an unprovoked attack in the Gulf of Tonkin, the United States entered the Vietnam War on August 14, 1964. The Cheonan Sinking: Top Ten Conspiracy Theories On 3 August, the CIA confirmed that "Hanoi's naval units have displayed increasing sensitivity to U.S. and South Vietnamese naval activity in the Gulf of Tonkin during the past several months." 4 How did the United States respond to the independence movement in Vietnam? Critique does not simply mean Subsequently, the White House carried the nation into the longest and one of the most costly conflicts in our nation's history. The first is done for you. Another reporter pressed the issue, "Do these [patrol boats] go north, into North Vietnamese waters?" Seventh Fleet and that led to the Gulf of . Can the omission of evidence by McNamara be forgiven? Other vital intercepts mysteriously disappeared. Three patrol craft attacked a security garrison at Cua Ron (the mouth of the Ron River) and a radar site at Vinh Son, firing 770 rounds of high-explosive munitions at the targets.8 North Vietnamese installations had been attacked four separate times in five days. Even though Pierce-Arrow was ordered shortly after the dubious reports of the second attack on the Maddox and Turner Joy, Johnson addressed the nation at 11:30 PM eastern time about the confrontation in the Gulf of Tonkin. Corrections? The order to retaliate was given less than thirty minutes after the initial report. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. McMasters, Dereliction of Duty, p. 134. 1 See answer Advertisement mahak08 On the night of July 3031, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked North Vietnamese radar and military installations on Hon Me and Hon Ngu islands in the Gulf of Tonkin. History, 21.06.2019 16:00. What happened at the Gulf of Tonkin quizlet? The attacks were unprovoked. This group consisted of Army Special Forces, Navy Seals, and CIA operatives, among other covert entities. You must include thesis statement, 4 body paragraphs and other reading and a conclusion to wrap up your debate Requested by Johnson, the resolution authorized the chief executive to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." Gulf of Tonkin - nsa.gov L. 88-408, 78 Stat. www.WhiteHouseTapes.org. , your opinion; it must be well-reasoned and backed up it has to be ( 3 to 4 pages long) by reconstructing the arguments and ideas from the readings. All of the enemy boats were heading northwest at about 40 knots, two in front of the third by about a mile. Ukraine: The Tunnel at the End of the Light D. President Johnson acted before all the facts became known. Served as justification for the assassination of Ngo Diem b. In response, the North Vietnamese built up their naval presence around the offshore islands. D. food and medical care In contrast to the clear conditions two days earlier, thunderstorms and rain squalls reduced visibility and increased wave heights to six feet. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPTa. How did American liberals change their views of poverty during the 1960s? Was the Gulf of Tonkin Incident true? Moreover, another intercepted report seemed to confirm that the attack had in fact taken place, and thus Herricks caution was not taken seriously. What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and why was it important? . The Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a false flag operation organized by the secret services of the United States, to be used as a pretext in their participation in the Vietnam War; this simulated a false attack by North Vietnamese forces against United States Navy ships in Southeast Asia, which had penetrated waters that the United States claimed as 7. The vessels appeared to be coming from several different directions, and they were impossible to lock onto. However, the retaliatory attack of 5 August marked the United States' first overt military action against the North Vietnamese and the most serious escalation up to that date. The Gulf of Tonkin Incident : r/NEWPOLITIC - reddit.com The president agreed and ordered Operation Pierce Arrow, an airstrike on North Vietnamese mainland targets. See LTCOL Delmar C. Lang's chronology of the SIGINT reports (14 Oct 1964) on National Security Agency homepage, http://www.nsa.gov/vietnam/. Resulted from a minor naval conflict c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam d. The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: S kin Vnh Bc B), also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. The Real Tonkin Gulf Deception Wasn't by Lyndon Johnson The Turner Joy had not detected any torpedoes during the entire encounter, and Herrick determined that the Maddox's operators were probably hearing the ship's propellers reflecting off her rudder during sharp turns.12 The destroyer's main gun director was never able to lock onto any targets because, as the operator surmised, the radar was detecting the stormy sea's wave tops. The incident was utilized by the Johnson Administration to publicly justify and escalate military operations in the region. On Friday night, as you probably know, we had four TP [sic] boats from [South] Vietnam, manned by [South] Vietnamese or other nationals, attack two islands, and we expended, oh, 1,000 rounds of ammunition of one kind or another against them. What were the key events in the Gulf of Tonkin Incident? Codenamed Operations Plan (OPLAN) 34A, the activities were conceived and overseen by the Department of Defense, with the support of the Central Intelligence Agency, and carried out by the South Vietnamese Navy. 3. Destroyers carried out these so-called Desoto patrols. McNamara was informed of this doubt but decided to remain quiet because Pierce-Arrow was already in motion. Alvarez was finally released in 1973. All of the following are true about the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the ensuing resolution EXCEPT c. The Johnson administration distorted the incident to provide a pretext for escalating American involvement in Vietnam 1. Overhead, meanwhile, four F8 Crusaders that the Maddox had called in earlier from the USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14) were rapidly approaching. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds," p. 24. Stockdale reported seeing no torpedo boats. Here are 10 you may or may not be familiar with that turned out to be true. Without the full picture, Congress could not offer the checks and balances it was designed to provide. OD. The Gulf Tonkin Incidents were the pretext for President Johnson to create and ultimately pass the Gulf Tonkin Resolution, which ultimately allowed the US to escalate the Vietnam War (also known as the Second Indochina War) into a large-scale war. CINCPACFLT 140203ZJuly64. Unbelievable, but true. 9. Explanation: President Lyndon Johnson utilized the Gulf of Tonkin occurrence to enlarge the war. When President Johnson asked during a 4 August meeting of the National Security Council, "Do they want a war by attacking our ships in the middle of the Gulf of Tonkin?" Who was the leader of the movement to stop the Equal Rights Amendment? What was the most significant impact of the Gulf of Tonkin resolution? At 2336, President Johnson appeared on national television and announced his intent to retaliate against North Vietnamese targets: "Repeated acts of violence against the armed forces of the United States must be met not only with alert defense, but with positive reply. Quoted in Robert Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 24 August 1964," Cryptological Quarterly, Winter 2000/Spring 2001, p. 6. Led by Commander James B. Stockdale, the four Crusaders strafed one of the boats, claiming it sunk . U.S. Grant Sharp and David Burchinal telephone call, 04 August 1964 at 5:23 PM, from the DOD National Military Command Center (NMCC), recording provided by the Lyndon B. Johnson Library and Museum. The Gulf of Tonkin incident was a complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that was presented to the U.S. Congress on August 5, 1964, as two unprovoked attacks. Gulf of Tonkin incident - Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica She retired Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. CTG 72.1 041848ZAUG64. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. OB. What was later discovered were "Tonkin ghosts" (false radar images) and no evidence of the [] ed. Pierce-Arrow was a limited airstrike on North Vietnamese targets on August 5, 1964. At the end of July 1964, MACV-SOG assaulted North Vietnamese installations on the coast of North Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin. (18) These hangers, while not quite as cunning as plastic hangers, are perhaps the most treacherous because they don't even try to function as they are designed. On further examination, it was found to be referring to the 2 August attacks against the Maddox but had been routinely transmitted in a follow-up report during the second "attack." The first incident took place on August 2 . Reports Cast Doubt on Alleged Second Attack Another problem: the second attack almost certainly never occurred. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. C. supplies and shoes Deptartment of State Bulletin, 24 August 1964: 558. Historians have long suspected that the second attack in the Gulf of Tonkin never occurred and that the resolution was based on faulty evidence. Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 1964 - GCSE History Omissions? 31. McNamara instead declared that "our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of, any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any. Who Was Responsible For The Gulf Of Tonkin Hoax? It showed the military superiority of the South Vietnamese. This time, however, President Johnson reacted much more skeptically and . "21, Navy Captain John J. Herrick (left), pictured with Maddox skipper Commander Herbert L. Ogier on board the destroyer, kept his superiors informed during the alleged battle with North Vietnamese PT boats on 4 August. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | History, Facts, & Significance Initial successes, however, were limited; numerous South Vietnamese raiders were captured, and OPLAN 34A units suffered heavy casualties. We sacrificed two comrades but all the rest are okay. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution effectively launched Americas full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War. what was true about the gulf of Tonkin incident? - Brainly.com 384, enacted August 10, 1964, was a joint resolution that the United States Congress passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident . The Maddox nevertheless reported at 2040 that she was tracking unidentified vessels. Fifty years ago, in what came to be known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the U.S.S. No actual visual sightings by MADDOX. August 5, 2014. McNamara again eluded the question, "They have advanced closer and closer to the 17th parallel, and in some cases, I think they have moved beyond that in an effort to stop the infiltration closer to the point of origin."26. The encounter sparked the first open fighting between the United States and North Vietnam, the first U.S. bombing of the North and an intensification of U.S. support for South Vietnam. It was the beginning of the United States air assault against North Vietnam that lasted until the end of the war.