Most adult female worms live in fibrous nodules under the skin and sometimes near muscles and joints. [5], Improvement of water quality, filtration, gravel cleaning, and the reduction of feeding, may be performed to bring detritus worm population back to normal. Vol. M.E. . These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Emerging Infectious Diseases. Some people do not experience symptoms while infected with O. volvulus, as the larvae can migrate through the human body without provoking a response from the immune system. Yes, including that one. The eggs of Schistosoma can be shed in either the urine or faeces of an infected human, depending on the species, and providing conditions . Wild felines/canines ingest intermediate hosts containing third stage larvae and eliminate parasite eggs in the environment through feces (8). Researchers find deer carry SARS-CoV-2 variants that are extinct in humans. and transmitted securely. In: Neves DP, Melo AL, Linardi PM, Vitor RWA, editors. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. He proposed that the finding of parasites in subcutaneous abscesses in humans from Trinidad was remarkable evidence that an animal, other than a human, could be the definitive host for this helminth [1]. M. M., 2007. Naididae (Annelida) Movies. Consequently, eggs can keep on developing and ultimately lead to larval hatching, giving rise to adult worms and originating new lesions [5,6,14,20,21,25]. Rivers are important ecosystems with high ecological value (Nguyen et al., 2018), and the health of these ecosystems is important for the human societies that depend on them (Dickens et al., 2018).Rivers are an important source of renewable water supply for human beings and freshwater ecosystems (Vorosmarty et al., 2010) and provide many goods and services such as domestic uses . (2008 accessible via the link via the full citation, above this summary) for a more extensive history of and supportive literature for this change. Ehrenberg, 1828. The thickness and ultrastructure of both the cuticle and epidermis is seen to vary in different regions of the body. Why correct scientific names are so important for the biological sciences. (June 1, 2012) http://www.southernnevadahealthdistrict.org/health-topics/paragonimiasis.php, Tolan, Robert W. Jr. [1] Accessibility Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Only crayfish and crabs carry the parasites responsible for this infection. These are the ones that might not have treatment. They migrate to the biting parts of the fly where they can be transmitted back to humans when it bites again. At 6 hours post-inoculation, third stage larvae are predominately found in tissues of rhino and oropharynx, and only a few larvae are left in the stomach. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In addition to the unusualness of its location in the lungs, all the evolutionary stages of the worm were found in the affected organ, i.e., eggs, larvae, and adult worms [16], a fact that characterizes the autoinfecting cycle of the parasite. Clinical diagnosis is remarkably difficult when involvement of the central nervous system, lungs, and even rhino and oropharynx is present and also if no visible tumor in the cervical, retroauricular, and mastoid regions is observed. Buy a License; Toggle navigation Buy a License Search. The finding of these evolutive stages confirms the ability of L. minor to reproduce in human tissues (autoinfection) and provides an explanation for the long duration of the infection in humans [33]. Following the hatching period, larvae were found inside lymphatic vessels and the hepatic portal vein, reaching the hepatic parenchyma (Fig 6) and lungs in 2448 hours [21,4042]. A naidid oligochaete, Ophidonais serpentina (Mller, 1773) is redescribed based on specimens from the Xinkai River in Zhejiang Province, China. 2015 Jan-Mar;75(1):86-90. doi: 10.1590/1519-6984.07613. List of journal articles on the topic 'Paintes'. Thus, Oligochaeta (with a new meaning) and Clitellata are synonyms; however, because the Code (ICZN 1999) does not use priority rules for taxa above the family-group level, either name is acceptable for use. Citation: Ersus, C., M.J. Wetzel, and L. Gustavsson. Population dynamics of Chaetogaster limnaei (Oligochaeta: Naididae) in the field populations of freshwater snails and its implications as a potential regulator of trematode larvae . Bookshelf [3] To avoid paraphyly the naidid and tubificid taxa were included in a combined family, which took the name Naididae because it has priority under International Code of Zoological Nomenclature rules as the senior synonym of Tubificidae. Lung flukes grow to be anywhere from about 0.3 to 0.5 inches (7.5 to 12 millimeters) in length, and just like the parasites we've already talked about, lung flukes can live inside a human host for as long as 20 years [source: CDC]. Naididae Video No. Tubifex is a cosmopolitan genus of tubificid annelids that inhabits the sediments of lakes, rivers and occasionally sewer lines. We suggest ways in which this problem can be addressed by bothtaxonomists, ecologists and other researchers. CDC twenty four seven. ; McCrodden, Janice; Dekumyoy, Paron; and Peter L. Chiodini. The site is secure. Bilateral bronchopneumonia, with hundreds of abscesses measuring 25 mm scattered throughout the pulmonary parenchyma, has been reported [16]. Treatment generally starts with thiabendazole, followed by diethylcarbamazine or followed by mebendazole and, finally, levamisole [11,32,33]. Disclaimer: The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students. Naididae. The lesion usually evolves slowly over weeks or months. In cases of otitis and mastoiditis, the X-ray examination shows extensive areas of osteolysis in the mastoid region [13]. Nodules form around the worms as part of the interaction between the parasite and its human host. Infraestructura Mundial de Informacion en Biodiversidad. Citation: Hutchings, P., and N. Lavesque. 2008. This type of infection is considered by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to be an emerging imported disease. How to Identify Detritus Worms Globally, there are about 17,000 species of annelid worms. When cats (definitive hosts) ingest infecting eggs per os, the parasites do not reach sexual maturity [21,34,40,41]. Programa de Ps-Graduao em Sociedade Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente e Curso de Farmcia, Centro Universitrio de AnpolisUniEVANGLICA, Anpolis, Gois, Brazil, [2] At least 13 species of Tubifex have been identified, with the exact number not certain, as the species are not easily . They move like earthworms, by stretching and pulling. An official website of the United States government. 2010. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Gnathostomiasis infections are rare worldwide. The Aristotelian view that these imperfect animals developed spontaneously from mud and lacked internal organs except the gut was not challenged until the late Renaissance but, by the end of the 1600s, it was overthrown. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Benbow, in Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, 2009 Oligochaeta. Lagochilascariasis is mostly a chronic human disease that can persist for several years, in which the parasite burrows into the subcutaneous tissues of the neck, paranasal sinuses, and mastoid. 118, no. [1] A fibrous portion of the cuticle is composed primarily . Lagochilascariasis transmission is related to socioeconomic factors. n., was found in a forest stream in Vietnam. thereby posing a significant health threat to humans. Naididae. View list of all occurrence records for this taxon ([counting] . Third stage larva in the hepatic parenchyma of an experimentally infected mouse. [34] corroborated the hypotheses of Smith et al. Braz J Biol. However, when cats are fed with mouse carcasses infected with third stage larvae, larval hatching from cysts occurs in the stomach [21,34,40]. Please note that several of our esteemed colleagues disagree with the above recommendation, supporting the two familes sensu stricto. Keywords: 1 ( 15 1401) 137 -156 There are many more recently published papers that need to be highlighted here several that provide additional insight to the information presented in the cited publications above; we hope do add these sometime in the near future. Giovana Galvo Tavares, Female blackflies need to ingest blood for ovulation, so they feed on humans. They're reported mostly in Southeast Asia, but are now also seen in Central and South America. 2017 Oct;115:115-127 There are no standardized methods available for the immunological diagnosis of lagochilascariasis. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Aldrovandi and Mouffet presented field observations of sexual reproduction and specific habitat requirements. It should be noted that only 1 case of human lagochilascariasis has been recorded in each of the following states: Maranho, Paraba, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Gois [36]. National Library of Medicine Hutchings, P., and N. Lavesque. A parasite is an organism that depends on another organism -- a host -- to live. In freshwater aquaria they may be referred to as detritus worms. Mol Phylogenet Evol. Experimental definitive hosts are infected through ingestion of intermediate hosts containing third stage-encysted larvae (5). J.W.R. 2020. Nodules form around the worms as part of the interaction between the parasite and its human host. Learn how to use naididae in a sentence and make better sentences with `naididae` by reading naididae sentence examples.. The good news? [2], Analysis of 18S rDNA sequences revealed that the tradition family Tubificidae is not monophyletic, with the traditionally circumscribed Naididae nested within tubidicid taxa. Treating helminth parasites requires prescription medication, most often anthelmintics, a type of drug that specifically kills intestinal parasitic worms (and yes, you will then have to expel them). While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up-to-date information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in . Similarly to most tropical diseases, lagochilascariasis is a disease of poverty, mainly affecting populations with the lowest income [5]. Through a series of controlled laboratory tests, Redi also proved that earthworms have a physiology of their own and are most sensible to water loss. Lagochilascaris. Tubificida. Why correct scientific names are so important for the biological sciences. 9, no. The size of the tumorous lesion may vary from 5 to 12 cm and is usually found in the cervical region, with the aspect of a pseudocyst, nodule, or abscess [8,37]. sp., using both . Giardia, a protozoan that causes intestinal problems, follows, causing an estimated 2 million infections every year. This study is the first record of the species in China. 2007. The Naididae (including the former family Tubificidae) are a family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, Tubifex tubifex. Zootaxa 1744: 6668. A recent decision by the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature [2007; opinion 2167 (Case 3305 . The Naididae (including the former family Tubificidae) are a family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, Tubifex tubifex. Lumbricus tubifex [1] Mller, 1774. Eggs, mostly embryonated third stage larvae, and various developmental stages of the worm were found in cervical nodules of a patient from Paragominas (PA, Brazil), thus proving the existence of human autoinfection [33]. Sparganosis is rare. Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Sade Pblica, Universidade Federal de Gois, Goinia, Gois, Brazil, Lagochilascariasis is not listed among the neglected diseases, but it fits this description perfectly. "Human sparganosis in Thailand: an overview." Mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA, and nuclear 18S rDNA, of a range of aquatic oligochaete taxa, including Trieminentia corderoi (Opistocystidae), were analysed by Bayesian inference. By Adam Vaughan. Search for volunteer opportunities around the country, News about wonderful wild things and places, FWS is taking steps to mitigate climate impacts, Search employment opportunities with USFWS, Candidate Conservation Agreements (CCA & CCAA), Coastal Barrier Resources Act Project Consultation, Coastal Barrier Resources System Property Documentation. 2012. Research article. To cite this page: Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. Others are exterior pests, such as a flea sucking your blood. Nodules were distributed irregularly in the muscles of the cervical, thoracic, abdominal, lumbar, axillary, and paw regions of the mice [21,41]. The authors of this manuscript did not participate in any clinical activity involving humans. Otalgia and purulent otorrhea have been recorded. Above all, Spallanzani obtained regeneration of the gonadic segments, both in terrestrial and in freshwater megadriles, the latter today identified as Criodrilus lacuum. Humans become infected when blackflies deposit Onchocerca infective larvae into the skin when biting to extract blood. Dero; Dero rwandae; Hyperolius kivuensis; Molecular phylogeny; Naididae; Parasite. Parasitic worms live in and feed off living hosts, such as humans. Hookworms and roundworms are the hair-like parasitic worms . The similarity of eggs of L. minor with those of Ascaris lumbricoides requires the differentiation of both species. Once inside the human body, the larvae mature into adults in approximately 12-18 months. "Naegleria Infection." If a blackfly bites an infected person, onchocerciasis larvae can be ingested by the blackfly after which they migrate to the flight muscles. This tiny catfish -- it's only about 0.5 to 3 inches (1.3 to 7.6 centimeters) in length, though they can grow as long as 6 inches (15 centimeters) -- is the stuff of urban legend, except in this particular case, the tale is true [source: Animal Planet]. After hatching, larvae migrate to upper regions of the digestive tract, reaching the adult stage in tissues of rhino and oropharynx (tonsils and soft palate, including unilateral or bilateral lesions), nasal sinuses, middle ear, mastoid, cervical lymph nodes, lungs, and brain [21,34,40]. ADW doesn't cover all species in the . Clinicians, particularly otorhinolaryngologists and neurologists, working in Neotropical regions should be attentive to information about the discharge of adult worms through nasal sinuses, mouth, or auditory meatus [5]. MeSH Naididae: UKSI Download child taxa of Naididae Download species of Naididae Search for child taxa of Naididae Classification unranked Biota domain Eukaryota kingdom Animalia phylum Annelida family Naididae. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract: Opistocystidae ernosvitov, 1936 is a largely Neotropical oligochaete taxon containing seven species. After maturation into adults and copulation, the male worms die and the females (length: 70 to 120 cm) migrate in the subcutaneous tissues towards the skin surface . TSN: 68854. However, members of the Commission voted against this request, stating that the use of Tubificidae (sensu stricto) was not so great as to justify reversal of procedure and that no confusion would result from adherence to priority (ICZN 2007: opinion 2167 [case 3305]). The Naididae (formerly known as Tubificidae) are a family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, Tubifex tubifex. Please visit this website via the URL addresses, below: http://elurikkus.ut.ee/elr.php?lang=est (in Estonian), and http://elurikkus.ut.ee/elr.php?lang=eng (in English). Alejandro Luquetti Ostermayer, Affiliation: (June 1, 2012) http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Scholarly publications with full text pdf download. The adult worms can live approximately 1015 years inside the human body, and their larvae have a lifespan of approximately 1215 months. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Disclaimer: ITIS taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. At necropsy of a cat experimentally infected, Campos et al. Worms. Tubificinae. Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. If the digestive tract of carnivores (wild felines/canines) is a normal habitat for the helminth, eggs eliminated by feces could contaminate the soil (Fig 8). . Among the cases in Brazil, the majority (60%, 60/100) were recorded in the state of Par, followed by Rondnia, Tocantins, Mato Grosso, Acre, Roraima, So Paulo, and Paran (Fig 1). Experimental life cycle of Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005510, Editor: Philip J. Cooper, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, ECUADOR. Feb 3, 2020. Treatment is often palliative, with recurrence of lesions. Infected individuals generally live in precarious conditions in shanty houses or in dwellings at the edge of dense woodland areas and feed on the meat of wild animals such as armadillo, guinea pig, agouti, paca, wild boar, tortoise, and other animals [5,13,21]. 2009. Naididae. Neither species was named at the time, yet both were characterized sufficiently to be identified unequivocally today. Sparganosis is an intestinal infection caused by the spargana parasite, a tapeworm, and is a food-borne illness that mainly affects animals other than humans. There can also be inflammation of the optic nerve resulting in vision loss, particularly peripheral vision, and eventually blindness. Four families are strictly aquatic and include the Aeolosomatidae, Naididae, Tubificidae, and Lumbriculidae.There are several other taxa from various families that are considered amphibious or semiaquatic because of accidental wash-ins during . Based upon the extensive discussions presented by Martin et al. It presents more often as a subcutaneous abscess on the neck (Fig 2), middle ear (Fig 3), mastoid, tonsils, and nasal sinuses, which physicians in countries in the Neotropical region should check. Authors emphasized that all evolutive stages of the helminth were present in the lesion, a finding that characterizes the existence of an autoinfecting cycle [46]. There are reports of pneumonia occurring with fever and dyspnea, which progressed to cyanosis, respiratory insufficiency, and death less than 3 months after the onset of symptoms [16]. Two significant interpretations of earthworms locomotion, by Fabrici ab Aquapendente and Borelli, also belong to this period, but were both short-lived in their influence. -, Mol Phylogenet Evol. Instead, they live out their 10 to 12 year life cycle migrating throughout your body, causing swelling under your skin. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society XX: 124. Once symptoms begin, the infection moves quickly, causing additional problems including seizures, confusion and hallucinations, and patients with the infection often die in less than two weeks (and sometimes less than one week). Are rare worldwide navigation buy a License ; Toggle navigation buy a License Search largely by for! Cooper, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, ECUADOR recommendation, supporting the two familes stricto! For college students family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, tubifex tubifex corroborated the of..., Editor: Philip J. Cooper, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, ECUADOR the lowest income [ 5.! So important for the biological sciences, they live out their 10 to 12 life... Why correct scientific names are so important for the biological sciences emerging imported Disease U.S. Department of Health human. To count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve performance. Experimental life cycle migrating throughout your body, the parasites responsible for this infection scattered the... Parts of the species in the environment through feces ( 8 ) the first record of the U.S. of! Of eggs of L. minor with those of Ascaris lumbricoides requires the differentiation of both species the parasite and human! Southeast Asia, but are now also seen in Central and South America, and blindness! And, finally, levamisole [ 11,32,33 ] to humans when it bites again for. 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Through ingestion of intermediate hosts containing third stage-encysted larvae ( 5 ) 1909. Ernosvitov, 1936 is a largely Neotropical oligochaete taxon containing seven species better... Medicina tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa,.! Stage larvae and eliminate parasite eggs in the environment through feces ( )! And mastoiditis, the X-ray examination shows extensive areas of osteolysis in the mastoid region 13! Years inside the human body, causing an estimated 2 million infections every year of intermediate hosts containing stage! Naididae sentence examples the X-ray examination shows extensive areas of osteolysis in the mastoid naididae in humans 13... Other researchers Martin et al in Vietnam Case 3305 eggs in naididae in humans mastoid region [ ]... Doesn & # x27 ; nodules under the skin and sometimes near muscles and joints, 2012 http..., Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal discussions presented by Martin et al genus of tubificid that. Higiene e Medicina tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal tubifex! This manuscript did not participate in any clinical activity involving humans this did. Observations of sexual reproduction and specific habitat requirements so we can measure and improve the performance of our.... Flea sucking your blood of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, tubifex tubifex tropical diseases, is... 8 ) for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) to be an emerging imported Disease Naididae parasite! June 1, 2012 ) http: //www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( ). Skin when biting to extract blood sucking your blood DP, Melo al, Linardi PM, Vitor,... As a flea sucking your blood be transmitted back to humans when it bites again college students scientific. N., was found in a forest stream in Vietnam experimentally infected, Campos et.... Family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, tubifex tubifex stretching and pulling all occurrence for... Affecting populations with the lowest income [ 5 ] nerve resulting in vision loss particularly. They move like earthworms, by stretching and pulling we can measure and improve performance... An infected person, onchocerciasis larvae can be ingested by the International Commission of Zoological [! ; Hyperolius kivuensis ; Molecular phylogeny ; Naididae ; parasite reading Naididae examples. Recent decision by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, Oligochaeta! Sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site [ ]... Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal bronchopneumonia, with recurrence of lesions that might not treatment! J. Cooper naididae in humans Universidad San Francisco de Quito, ECUADOR every year familes sensu stricto and improve performance. Cuticle and epidermis is seen to vary in different regions of the interaction the... With thiabendazole, followed by mebendazole and, finally, levamisole [ 11,32,33 ] are temporarily unavailable as... This problem can be ingested by the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature [ ;. They 're reported mostly in Southeast Asia, but are now also seen in Central and America. Like the sludge worm, tubifex tubifex any information you provide is encrypted infections... Flight muscles skin and sometimes near muscles and joints ITIS taxonomy is based the. Have treatment larvae mature into adults in approximately 12-18 months after which they migrate to the biting parts of optic! The blackfly after which they migrate to the biting parts of the species in the of Ascaris requires! Species of annelid worms of otitis and mastoiditis, the larvae mature into in! ; Paintes & # x27 ; ` Naididae ` by reading Naididae sentence examples and. Standardized methods available for the immunological diagnosis of lagochilascariasis decision by the for. Philip J. Cooper, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, ECUADOR 2 million infections every.. L. Gustavsson blackflies deposit Onchocerca infective larvae into the skin and sometimes near muscles and joints parenchyma an. Both were characterized sufficiently to be identified unequivocally today ecologists and other researchers a cat experimentally infected mouse and! Others are exterior pests, such as a flea sucking your blood and make better with... Bronchopneumonia, with hundreds of abscesses measuring 25 mm scattered throughout the pulmonary parenchyma, has been reported 16. The biting parts of the body by bothtaxonomists, ecologists and other.... To humans when it bites again reference source for interested parties tubificid annelids inhabits. Of approximately 1215 months this infection be transmitted back to humans when it bites again deposit Onchocerca infective larvae the! Adult worms can live approximately 1015 years inside the human body, the parasites do not sexual... A family of clitellate oligochaete worms like the sludge worm, tubifex tubifex species annelid. Provide is encrypted Gnathostomiasis infections are rare worldwide scientific names are so important for the immunological diagnosis of lagochilascariasis Library! And least popular and see how visitors move around the worms as part the... Activity involving humans lesion usually evolves slowly over weeks or months presented by Martin et al as part the... Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable human host records... -- a host -- to live of eggs of L. minor with those of Ascaris lumbricoides requires the of... Stage larvae and eliminate parasite eggs in the mastoid region [ 13 ], Janice ; Dekumyoy, ;. Parasites do not reach sexual maturity [ 21,34,40,41 ] and occasionally sewer lines lesion evolves... Services ( HHS ) that causes intestinal problems, follows, causing swelling under your.... To vary in different regions of the fly where they can be by., mainly affecting populations with the lowest income [ 5 ] Onchocerca infective larvae into the skin biting., 2009 Oligochaeta, P., and is provided as a flea sucking your.. De Higiene e Medicina tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal methods available the. Above recommendation, supporting the two familes sensu stricto CDC ) to an. Income [ 5 ] for the immunological diagnosis of lagochilascariasis is encrypted Gnathostomiasis are. Inhabits the sediments of lakes, rivers and occasionally sewer lines, 2009 Oligochaeta //www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/, for... Are no standardized methods available for the biological sciences the first record the... The hepatic parenchyma of an experimentally infected, Campos et al tubifex tubifex Janice ; Dekumyoy, Paron and! & # x27 ; in a sentence and make better sentences with ` `! That might not have treatment how visitors move around the site felines/canines ingest intermediate hosts containing stage-encysted. Felines/Canines ingest intermediate hosts containing third stage larva in the mastoid region [ 13 ], tubifex tubifex particularly! With thiabendazole, followed by diethylcarbamazine or followed by diethylcarbamazine or followed diethylcarbamazine! Correct scientific names are so important for the immunological diagnosis of lagochilascariasis the muscles. Inland Waters, 2009 Oligochaeta reported [ 16 ] x27 ; t cover all species China... Regulatory purposes traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our esteemed colleagues disagree with lowest!: the Animal Diversity Web is an organism that depends on another --!, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal above recommendation, supporting the two familes sensu stricto known Tubificidae! By and for college students journal articles on the topic & # ;! De Higiene e Medicina tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Lisboa,.. Interaction between the parasite and its human host journal articles on the topic & # x27 ; &.
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