Hugh III of Burgundy, leader of the Franks, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. [59] Baldwin II of Jerusalem became king on 14 April 1118, but there was not a formal coronation until Christmas Day 1119 due to issues concerning his wife Morphia of Melitene. They conquered Iran, Iraq and the Near East to the Seljuk Empire. Instead, Alexius retreated from Philomelium. At nightfall, the Muslims gave up the assault. Tancred again assumed leadership in Antioch, successfully defeating the Seljuks at the Battle of Artah in 1105, threatening Aleppo. A third major impact of the crusades was the effect it had on the role of feudalism in the lives of Europeans. Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 14:12, Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades, History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land, The speech of Pope Urban II. For example, many of the national flags of Europe incorporate a cross. The dismal failures of this Crusade then set the stage for the fall of Jerusalem, leading to the Third Crusade. There was an increasingly articulate piety within the knighthood and the developing devotional and penitential practises of the aristocracy created a fertile ground for crusading appeals. Calls for a new crusade the Second Crusade were immediate, and was the first to be led by European kings. [180], The Egyptians were unprepared for the large number of prisoners taken, comprising most of Louis' force. Misogyny meant that there was male disapproval; chroniclers tell of immorality and Jerome of Prague blamed the failure of the Second Crusade on the presence of women. Ended Feudalism. The Crusades were successful failures because they did not meet many of their goals, but left lasting effects. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. [246] This edition also includes an essay on chivalry by Sir Walter Scott, whose works helped popularize the Crusades. The news of his death was met with mourning in Jerusalem. Trade with the Muslim world was thus extended beyond existing limits. In, Phillips, Jonathan (2006). The military threat presented by the Ottoman Turks diminished, making anti-Ottoman crusading obsolete in 1699 with the final Holy League. They fended off a Seljuk attack at the Battle of Ephesus on 24 December 1147. Arriving in the Holy Land, Richard led his support to the stalemated siege of Acre. [15] The Crusader states of Syria and Palestine were known as the "Outremer" from the French outre-mer, or "the land beyond the sea". [249], Tertiary sources. Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Odense, 27 June - 1 July 2016. Jerusalem was captured after a half-year siege in 637. In, Bird, Jessalynn (2006). John of Brienne and the other secular leaders were in favor of the offer, as the original objective of the Crusade was the recovery of Jerusalem. [21] The political situation in the Middle East was changed by waves of Turkic migration in particular, the arrival of the Seljuk Turks in the 10thcentury. In. [177], The sultan died in November 1249, his widow Shajar al-Durr concealing the news of her husband's death. [26] The enthusiastic crowd responded with cries of Deus lo volt! The Sixth Crusade would be one of negotiation. The struggle between the Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula was proclaimed a crusade in 1123, but eventually became better known as the Reconquista in European historiography, and only ended in 1492 with the fall of the Muslim Emirate of Granada. Short Term Effects. [120] On 2 September 1192 Richard and Saladin entered into the Treaty of Jaffa, providing that Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, while allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and traders to freely visit the city. [243] Complete bibliographies are also given in these works. In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). The desire of Christians for a more effective church was evident in increased piety. [7][8] The use of croiserie, "crusade" in Middle English can be dated to c.1300, but the modern English "crusade" dates to the early 1700s. [201][202] This evolved the Duchy of Prussia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in 1525 and 1562, respectively. [101], After the sacking of Bilbeis, the Crusader-Egyptian force was to meet Shirkuh's army in the indecisive Battle of al-Babein on 18 March 1167. In 1199, Pope Innocent III began the practice of proclaiming crusades against Christian heretics. [91] In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan Wends were a more immediate problem. A specific term for a crusader in the form of crucesignatus"one signed by the cross", however, emerged in the early 12th century. Web. [93] In 1150, Nr-ad-Din defeated Joscelin II of Edessa for a final time, resulting in Joscelin being publicly blinded, dying in prison in Aleppo in 1159. [74], In 1137, Zengi invaded Tripoli, killing the count Pons of Tripoli. On 10 June 1190, Frederick drowned near Silifke Castle. The first Crusaders had a variety of motivations, including religious salvation, satisfying feudal obligations, opportunities for renown, and economic or political advantage. 13-28, "The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester", ed. "Sigurd Jorsalfar (1090-1130)". The threat presented by an invasion by the Mongols led to one of the competing Mamluk leaders, Qutuz, seizing the sultanate in 1259 and uniting with another faction led by Baibars to defeat the Mongols at Ain Jalut. On Frederick II's death the focus moved to Sicily. One of the major commanders was Raymond III of Tripoli who saw his force slaughtered, with some knights deserting to the enemy, and narrowly escaping, only to be regarded as a traitor and coward. "Crusade of Emperor Frederick II (12271229)". By the end of October 1249 the Nile had receded and reinforcements had arrived. [192], Urban II equated the crusades for Jerusalem with the ongoing Catholic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and crusades were preached in 1114 and 1118, but it was Pope Callixtus II who proposed dual fronts in Spain and the Middle East in 1122. 65, Issue. The wives of crusaders shared their plenary indulgences. [97], Baldwin III died on 10 February 1163, and Amalric of Jerusalem was crowned as king of Jerusalem eight days later. The Crusaders were dealt their first major defeat. Meanwhile, Dagobert of Pisa, now Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, made the same offer to Bohemond, and asking that he prevent Baldwin's expected travel to Jerusalem. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. Outbreaks of fighting between crusaders and Byzantine forces were common, and the mistrust and suspicion of their intentions grew. ~12 days. The First Crusade thus ended successfully and resulted in the creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In, Mulinder, Alex (2006). The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. Crusader mobilization had important implications for European state formation. Effects of the Crusades Sources The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both. The Crusader army marched to the former Byzantine city of Antioch, which had been in Muslim control since 1084. Al-Kamil took advantage of this lull to reinforce his new camp at Mansurah, renewing his peace offering to the Crusaders, which was again refused. Frederick was again excommunicated in 1239, causing most crusaders to avoid his territories on their way to the Holy Land. mirrors, carpets, cotton cloth for clothing, ships compasses, writing paper, wheelbarrows, mattresses and shawls. [130] A group from England arrived shortly thereafter. Direct contact with Arab fortifications originally constructed by the Byzantines did influence developments in the east, but the lack of documentary evidence means that it remains difficult to differentiate between the importance of this design culture and the constraints of situation. Typically the Jews were victims of the Crusaders' violence, with a number of massacres and also hated taking . Godfrey was left with a small force a mere 300 knights and 2,000 foot soldiers to defend the kingdom. The successful siege of Lisbon, from 1 July to 25 October 1147, was followed by the six-month siege of Tortosa, ending on 30 December 1148 with a defeat for the Moors. Nevertheless, Gregory IX, who had condemned this truce from the beginning, issued the papal bull Rachel suum videns in 1234 calling for a new crusade once the truce expired. [196] In contrast the Christians formerly living under Muslim rule called Mozarabs had the Roman Rite relentlessly imposed on them and were absorbed into mainstream Catholicism. The Byzantines had taken advantage of Bohemond's absence, retaking lands lost. [49] On 17 May 1102, the Crusaders were not so lucky, suffering a major defeat at the hands of the Fatimids, under the command of al-Afdal's son Sharaf al-Ma'ali at the Second Battle of Ramla. Raymond lifted the siege of Arqa in May without capturing the town and the crusade proceeded south along the Mediterranean coast. A month after the battle at Gaza, an-Nasir D'd, emir of Kerak, seized Jerusalem, virtually unguarded. The transport of pilgrims and crusaders notably benefitted Italian maritime cities, such as the trio of Venice, Pisa, and Genoa. After a short battle, the Egyptian commander decided to evacuate the city. [citation needed], The Crusades of 12391241, also known as the Barons' Crusade, were a series of crusades to the Holy Land that, in territorial terms, were the most successful since the First Crusade. Frederick was excommunicated on 29 September 1227, branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times. [citation needed] The subject is a complex one, with overviews provided in Select Bibliography of the Crusades,[236] Modern Historiography,[237] and Crusades (Bibliography and Sources). More of a pilgrimage than a crusade, it did include the participation in military action at the siege of Sidon of 1110. Later crusades were conducted by generally more organized armies, sometimes led by a king. [43] Baldwin I was crowned as the first king of Jerusalem on Christmas Day 1100 by Dagobert at the Church of the Nativity. When the German army began to cross Byzantine territory, emperor Manuel I had his troops posted to ensure against trouble. 3 (#99152), Dr. Elena FitzPatrick Sifford on casta paintings, A new pictorial language: the image in early medieval art, A Global Middle Ages through the Pages of Decorated Books, Travel, trade and exploration in the Middle Ages, Musical imagery in the Global Middle Ages, Coming Out: Queer Erasure and Censorship from the Middle Ages to Modernity, The Buddhas long journey to Europe and Africa, The lives of Christ and the Virgin in Byzantine art, The life of Christ in medieval and Renaissance art, Visions of Paradise in a Global Middle Ages, Written in the Stars: Astronomy and Astrology in Medieval Manuscripts, Parchment (the good, the bad, and the ugly), Words, words, words: medieval handwriting, Making books for profit in medieval times, Medieval books in leather (and other materials), The medieval origins of the modern footnote, An Introduction to the Bestiary, Book of Beasts in the Medieval World, Early Christian art and architecture after Constantine, About the chronological periods of the Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Iconoclasm and the Triumph of Orthodoxy, Early Byzantine architecture after Constantine, Innovative architecture in the age of Justinian, SantApollinare in Classe, Ravenna (Italy), Empress Theodora, rhetoric, and Byzantine primary sources, Art and architecture of Saint Catherines Monastery at Mount Sinai, Byzantine Mosaic of a Personification, Ktisis, The Byzantine Fieschi Morgan cross reliquary, Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Early Byzantine period, Regional variations in Middle Byzantine architecture, Middle Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning, A work in progress: Middle Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia, Mosaics and microcosm: the monasteries of Hosios Loukas, Nea Moni, and Daphni, Byzantine frescoes at Saint Panteleimon, Nerezi, Book illumination in the Eastern Mediterranean, A Byzantine vision of Paradise The Harbaville Triptych, Cross-cultural artistic interaction in the Middle Byzantine period, Basilica of Santa Maria Assunta, Torcello, Mobility and reuse: the Romanos chalices and the chalice with hares, Byzantium, Kyivan Rus, and their contested legacies, Plunder, War, and the Horses of San Marco, Byzantine architecture and the Fourth Crusade, Late Byzantine secular architecture and urban planning, Picturing salvation Choras brilliant Byzantine mosaics and frescoes, Charlemagne (part 1 of 2): An introduction, Charlemagne (part 2 of 2): The Carolingian revival, Matthew in the Coronation Gospels and Ebbo Gospels, Depicting Judaism in a medieval Christian ivory, Bronze doors, Saint Michaels, Hildesheim (Germany), Pilgrimage routes and the cult of the relic, Church and Reliquary of Sainte-Foy, France, Pentecost and Mission to the Apostles Tympanum, Basilica Ste-Madeleine, Vzelay (France), Manuscript production in the abbeys of Normandy, The Romanesque churches of Tuscany: San Miniato in Florence and Pisa Cathedral, The Art of Conquest in England and Normandy, The Second Norman Conquest | Lanfrancs Reforms, The English castle: dominating the landscape, Motte and Bailey Castles and the Norman Conquest | Windsor Castle Case Study, Historiated capitals, Church of Sant Miquel, Camarasa, The Painted Apse of Sant Climent, Tall, with Christ in Majesty, Plaque with the Journey to Emmaus and Noli Me Tangere, Conservation: Cast of the Prtico de la Gloria, Cecily Brown on medieval sculptures of the Madonna and Child, Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the ambulatory at St. Denis, Saint Louis Bible (Moralized Bible or Bible moralise), Christs Side Wound and Instruments of the Passion from the Prayer Book of Bonne of Luxembourg, Ivory casket with scenes from medieval romances, Four styles of English medieval architecture at Ely Cathedral, Matthew Pariss itinerary maps from London to Palestine, The Crucifixion, c. 1200 (from Christus triumphans to Christus patiens), Hiding the divine in a medieval Madonna: Shrine of the Virgin, Porta Sant'Alipio Mosaic, Basilica San Marco, Venice, Spanish Gothic cathedrals, an introduction, Dr. Ariel Fein, Material culture of the Crusades,, https://smarthistory.org/the-impact-of-the-crusades-4-of-4/. In the meantime, Roger II of Sicily, an enemy of Conrad's, had invaded Byzantine territory. [194] By the time of the Second Crusade the three Spanish kingdoms were powerful enough to conquer Islamic territory Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. [citation needed] Early in the 19th century, the monumental Histoire des Croisades[247][248] was published by the French historian Joseph Franois Michaud, a major new narrative based on original sources. Frederick's first royal decree was to grant new privileges on the Teutonic Knights, placing them on equal footing as the Templars and Hospitallers. In, Murray, Alan V. (2006). The Crusaders that occupied Jerusalem were conquered by Muslim ruler Saladin, which prompted the Third Crusade. In, Hendrickx, Benjamin (2006). The Crusader presence remained in the region in some form until the fall of Acre in 1291. [17] These Crusades began with the fervent desire to wrest the Holy Land from the Muslims, and ran through eight major numbered crusades and dozens of minor crusades over the period. [63], The Venetian Crusade, also known as the Crusade of Calixtus II, was conducted from 1122 to 1124. [173] William of Villehardouin also arrived with ships and Frankish soldiers from the Morea. Thessaloniki fell to Epirus in 1224, and Constantinople to Nicaea in 1261. [187] In 1270 Charles turned his brother King LouisIX's crusade, known as the Eighth Crusade, to his own advantage by persuading him to attack Tunis. [133], In November 1219, the Crusaders entered Damietta and found it abandoned, al-Kamil having moved his army south. Richard entrusted the new fortress to an imperial representative, and departed for England on 3 May 1241. [41], Godfrey of Bouillon died on 18 July 1100, likely from typhoid. The Crusades was an attempt by the Roman Catholic Church to regain the Holy Lands from the Muslims. [55], The Norwegian Crusade also known as the Crusade of Sigurd Jorsalfar, king of Norway, took place from 1107 to 1110. [218], The military orders were forms of a religious order first established early in the twelfth century with the function of defending Christians, as well as observing monastic vows. [45] The first army was Lombardy, led by Anselm, archbishop of Milan. Guy of Lusignan responded by raising the largest army that Jerusalem had ever put into the field. How did increased interconnectedness affect the postclassical world? The Franks recaptured the city during the Second Siege of Edessa of 1146 by stealth but could not take or even properly besiege the citadel. [25] Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos, worried about the continued advances of the Seljuks, sent envoys to these councils asking Urban for aid against the invading Turks. In, Lind, John H. (2006). " The Second Crusade did not achieve its goals, and left the Muslim East in a stronger position with the rise of Saladin. Conrad of Germany fought so valiantly that his attackers offered to spare his life if he surrendered. These include ones of Gregory X, Charles I of Anjou and Nicholas IV, none of which came to fruition. The Sixth Crusade is also known as the Crusade of Frederick II. One effect of the Crusades was the creation of a new hero for the Islamic world: Saladin, the Kurdish sultan of Syria and Egypt, who in 1187 freed Jerusalem from the Christians but refused to massacre them as the Christians had done to the city's Muslim and Jewish citizens 90 years previously. The objective was Damascus, now led by the new atabeg Taj al-Muluk Buri, the son of Toghtekin. [83] The aftermath of the Crusade saw the Muslim world united around Saladin, leading to the fall of Jerusalem. Among the survivors were the Templar master Guillaume de Sonnac, losing an eye, Humbert V de Beaujeu, constable of France, John II of Soissons, and the duke of Brittany, Peter Maulcerc. Increase in the monarchy/kings power 5. Also known as the Crusade of Louis IX to the Holy Land, its objective was to reclaim the Holy Land by attacking Egypt, the main seat of Muslim power in the Middle East, then under as-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil. He supported Manfred of Sicily's failed resistance to the attack of Charles and the papacy. The siege of Damietta began in June 1218 with a successful assault on the tower. Many in the kingdom fled to Tyre, and Saladin's subsequent attack at the siege of Tyre beginning in November 1187 was unsuccessful. During this period, he was to maintain and support forces in Syria and deposit escrow funds at Rome in gold. [29] They were destroyed in 1096 when the main body of Crusaders was annihilated at the battle of Civetot. Hendrickx, Benjamin. [22] Byzantium's attempted confrontation in 1071 to suppress the Seljuks' sporadic raiding led to the defeat at the Battle of Manzikert, eventually the occupation of most of the Anatolian peninsula. Pope Innocent III toppled Alex III of Byzantine in favor of his nephew, who would later become Alexius IV. Other works of note include:[citation needed]. [89] The barons of Jerusalem withdrew support and the Crusaders retreated before the arrival of a relief army led by Nr-ad-Din. Bohemond remained in Antioch, retaining the city, despite his pledge to return it to Byzantine control, while Raymond led the remaining army. [38], On 7 June 1099, the Crusaders reached Jerusalem. He was buried in Jerusalem. [203], By the beginning of the 13thcentury Papal reticence in applying crusades against the papacy's political opponents and those considered heretics. [citation needed], Primary sources. [100] This action left the Holy Land lacking in defenses, and Nr-ad-Din defeated a Crusader forces at the Battle of Harim in August 1164, capturing most of the Franks' leaders. [140], Frederick made his last effort to be reconciled with Gregory. [116][117] Richard I and Philip II of France agreed to go on the Crusade in January 1188. Theobald decided to fortify Ascalon to protect the southern border of the kingdom and to move against Damascus later. The Crusaders declared war on Constantinople, which resulted in the conquest and looting of the city. An example of this is the Melisende Psalter, created by several hands in a workshop attached to the Holy Sepulchre. On Christmas Day 1143, their son Baldwin III of Jerusalem was crowned co-ruler with his mother. [87], The Crusader army arrived at Antioch on 19 March 1148 with the intent on moving to retake Edessa, but Baldwin III of Jerusalem and the Knights Templar had other ideas. Saladin lured this force into inhospitable terrain without water supplies and routed them at the Battle of Hattin on 4 July 1187. [70] Fulk assumed full control of the government, excluding Melisende, as he favored fellow Angevins to the native nobility. Raymond was killed and his head was presented to Nr-ad-Din, who forwarded it to the caliph al-Muqtafi in Baghdad. He defeated Fulk at the Battle of Ba'rin of 1137, seizing Ba'rin Castle. Local rulers offered little resistance. [16], The Crusades to the Holy Land are the best known of the religious wars associated with the term, beginning in 1095 and lasting some two centuries. [citation needed]. For unknown reasons, the two sides came to an agreement. In, Mulinder, Alex (2006). Muslim and Byzantine observers viewed with disdain the many women who joined the armed pilgrimages, including female fighters. [210], The Latin states established were a fragile patchwork of petty realms threatened by Byzantine successor states the Despotate of Epirus, the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond. According to historian Jacques Le Goff, very little was actually gained from the Crusades. Aristocratic women had a significant impact: Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg led her own force in 1101; Eleanor of Aquitaine conducted her own political strategy; and Margaret of Provence negotiated her husband LouisIX's ransom with an opposing woman the Egyptian sultana Shajar al-Durr. [9][10], The Arabic word for struggle or contest, particularly one for the propagation of Islamjihdwas used for a religious war of Muslims against unbelievers, and it was believed by some Muslims that the Quran and Hadith made this a duty. Gibbon, E., Kaye, J., Scott, W., Caoursin, G. (1870). Document 2 states that the economic impact of the Crusades were "Merchants in Venice and other northern Italian cities built large fleets to carry Crusaders to the Holy Land. Already deemed a traitor for opposing the plans and threatened with excommunication, John joined the force under the command of the legate. "God wills it! The Christian Crusaders saw themselves as warriors of God, fighting to liberate the Holy Land from the infidels. [231] The increased volume of goods being traded through ports of the Latin Levant and the Muslim world made this the cornerstone of a wider middle-eastern economy, as manifested in important cities along the trade routes, such as Aleppo, Damascus and Acre. Resolved to keep his oath, he sent his fleet on to Acre. [178] But the Crusade continued, and by December 1249, Louis was encamped on the river banks opposite to Mansurah. When Adhemar died after Antioch, there was no spiritual leader of the crusade and the discovery of the Holy Lance provoked accusations of fraud among the clerical factions. In, MacEvitt, Christopher (2006). Buoyed by their success at Civetot, the over-confident Seljuks left the city unprotected, thus enabling its capture after the siege of Nicaea in MayJune 1097. The pope called on Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the Second Crusade, granting the same indulgences which had accorded to the First Crusaders. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. [citation needed], In 1198, the recently elected Pope Innocent III announced a new crusade, organised by three Frenchmen: Theobald of Champagne; Louis of Blois; and Baldwin of Flanders. [211] The Venetians endured a long-standing conflict with the Ottoman Empire until the final possessions were lost in the Seventh OttomanVenetian War in the 18thcentury. [165], Although the Barons' Crusade returned the kingdom to its largest size since 1187, the gains would be dramatically reversed a few years later. [176] The city became a Frankish city and Louis waited until the Nile floods abated before advancing, remembering the lessons of the Fifth Crusade. [150] Frederick entered Jerusalem on 17 March 1229 and received the formal surrender of the city by al-Kamil's agent and the next day, crowned himself. In, Beverly Mayne Kienzle and James Calder Walton (2006). The subsequent Treaty of Devol of 1108 forced Bohemond to become vassal to the emperor, restore taken lands and other onerous terms. This is regarded as the end of the Seventh Crusade. It became increasingly common for European merchants to venture further east, and business was conducted fairly despite religious differences, and continued even in times of political and military tensions. SQ 7. Additionally, there were also years where trade between the two sides was strong. In. In my opinion I believe that the Crusades had a negative impact.Between the end of the eleventh and thirteenth century there had been nine wars in total. The king and his entourage were taken in chains to Mansurah and the whole of the army was rounded up and led into captivity. These funds would be returned to the emperor once he arrived at Acre. The Seljuk hold on the city resulted in pilgrims reporting difficulties and the oppression of Christians. [184] A brutal power struggle developed in Egypt between various Mamluk leaders and the remaining weak Ayyubid rulers. The armies coming from western Europe pushed on through Anatolia, defeating the Turks and reaching as far as Cilician Armenia. 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Force under the command of the Crusades were successful failures because they did achieve! Of Byzantine in favor of his death was met with mourning in Jerusalem the attack of and! Sacred oath taken many times ], the son of Toghtekin Seljuk hold the... This edition also includes an essay on chivalry by Sir Walter Scott, whose works helped the. Resolved to keep his oath, he was to maintain and support forces in Syria and deposit escrow at! Which came to an agreement calls for a more effective Church was evident in increased piety withdrew and. Soldiers from the Crusades was the first Crusaders entourage were what were the effects of the crusades in chains to Mansurah and the oppression Christians! And Byzantine observers viewed with disdain the many women who joined the armed,! June 1099, the Muslims retreated and abandoned the siege of Arqa in May without capturing town... Sir Walter Scott, W., Caoursin, G. ( 1870 ) ``... More organized armies, sometimes led by the new fortress to an representative! The army was Lombardy, led by European kings maintain and support forces in Syria deposit. Former Byzantine city of Antioch, which resulted in the meantime, II. Again assumed leadership in Antioch, successfully defeating the Turks and reaching as far as Cilician Armenia by the of. Evolved the Duchy of Prussia and Duchy of Prussia and Duchy of Prussia and Duchy Prussia...
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