[74][80], After the battle, the bodies of several of the conflict's U.S. casualties (Black Hawk Super 64's crewmembers and their defenders, Delta Force soldiers MSG Gordon and SFC Shughart) were dragged through Mogadishu's streets by a large crowd of Somalis. [80] A significant element of the volunteers consisted of seniors, women and children who utilized small arms. The Army has upgraded 60 medals for special operators involved in Operation Gothic Serpent 58 are being upgraded to Silver Stars and two are being upgraded to the Distinguished Flying Cross.. Staff Sergeant Daniel Busch and Sergeant Jim Smith, both Delta snipers, survived the crash and began defending the site. [154], Malaysian film Bakara, directed by Adrian Teh, retells the story of Malaysian contingent of UNOSOM II involvement during the rescue operation in the battle. [156][157], The True Story of Black Hawk Down (2003) is a TV documentary which premired on The History Channel. Somali soldiers, part of an elite combat . Next, the two Black Hawks carrying the second Delta assault team came into position and dropped their teams as the four Ranger chalks prepared to rope onto the four corners surrounding the target building. It's also since been noted that the equipment may not have arrived in time to make a difference. Not long into the mission, two MH-60 Black Hawk helicopters were shot down by armed militants. They destroyed several buildings and many Somalis were killed. Delta operators Sgt. He didn't expect Lin Feng to agree. [24] Some estimates placed the amount of food aid being stolen at 80 percent, while other estimates claimed a far lower estimate of 20 percent. The civil war had resulted in the destruction of Somalia's agriculture, which in turn led to starvation in large parts of southern Somalia. [15][37][38] The reason for the meeting, how many people were killed and even the very inhabitants of the house at the time is disputed by American and U.N. officials who said that the conference was gathering of an SNA war council, and that their mission was a successful military strike. battle of mogadishu soldiers list. [12] As the operation was ongoing, Somali forces shot down three American Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters using RPG-7s,[13] with two crashing deep in hostile territory. : What It Means to Lead the Way. The fight involved units from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment, the 75th Ranger Regiment, the Army's Special Operations Command, and the 10th Mountain Division. [36], According to the Red Cross, there were 215 Somalis casualties, though they were only able to survey the dead and injured in the aftermath of the attack at only two of the hospitals in Mogadishu. [141], Osama bin Laden's Al-Qaeda organization has been alleged to have been involved in the training and funding of Aidid's men. Their aim was to capture key allies of the powerful Somali warlord, Gen Mohamed Farah Aideed. Enraged local residents who had seen the crash amassed in crowd surged toward Super 64. Gary Gordon were posthumously awarded the Medal of. [74][75], Knowing U.S. special forces considered themselves elite, Giumale believed that they were hubristically underrating the tactical capacity of SNA fighters, who had accrued months of urban fighting experience in the streets of Mogadishu. [14], In the aftermath of the battle, dead American soldiers were dragged through the streets of Mogadishu by enraged Somalis, an act which was broadcast to public outcry on American television. [74] Giumale, a 45-year-old former Somali army officer and brigade commander, had attended a Soviet military academy in Odessa and had later gone to Italy for further study. "[96] The International Committee of the Red Cross estimated that 200 Somali civilians were killed and several hundred wounded in the fighting. 1st Class Randall D. Shughar t, 35, of Newville, Pennsylvania who had been listed as missing and unaccounted for in the attack,. [21] The Somali National Army concurrently disbanded, and some former soldiers reconstituted as irregular regional forces or joined the clan militias. A raid that was meant to take less than an hour turned into a harrowing, 15-hour long running battle. Some scholars believe that it was a major factor that influenced the Clinton administration's decision not to intervene in the Rwandan genocide, and it has commonly been referred to as "Somalia Syndrome". [153], Bowden's book has been adapted into the film Black Hawk Down (2001), produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Ridley Scott. In his book Holy War, Inc. (2001), CNN reporter Peter Bergen interviewed bin Laden, who affirmed these allegations. [74] American officers who were later made privy Giumale's decision conceded that the presence of the civilians prevented an attack, but disputed the notion that the mortars were powerful enough to wipe out Task Force Ranger. [23], The United Nations' intervention, backed by U.S. Marines,has been credited with helping end the famine in Somalia, though the starvation had been improving in the worst affected areas before any significant deployment of troops. [130][131] Garrison would write, however, that Aspin was not to blame for the events in Mogadishu. [80], At 6:40p.m., Col. Sharif Hassan Giumale, in charge of managing the majority of the Somali forces on the ground, received written instruction from Aidid to repel any reinforcements and take all measures necessary to prevent the Americans from escaping. [100], The Somali casualties were a mixture of militiamen, irregulars/volunteers, and local civilians, and the exact number of dead is unknown. "[15][38] Black Hawk Down author Mark Bowden, after a series of interviews with Adm. Howe, would note that he disputed Howe's assertion that the clan elders had been meeting at another location. According to UNOSOM, participating in the conference were hard-liners and close advisers to Aidid who had been responsible for attacks on UN forces. This battle provides several examples of poor planning and failures in executing mission command (MC) which can be lessons learned by U.S. Army Soldiers with the 6th Ranger Training Battalion, observe a moment of silence to remember the fallen from Operation Gothic Ser- [13] An American participant in firefight would later remark, "They used concealment very well. Member of the "Lost Platoon". [citation needed], On 4 February 1994, the U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 897, which set a process for completing the UNOSOM II mission by March 1995, with the withdrawal of U.N. troops from Somalia at that time. 5 May, 2 US soldiers (trucker and engineer) were wounded in the bloodiest day in 3 months during running battles across Mogadishu. Somalis. He said he had resisted calls from conservative Republicans for an immediate departure: "[Conservative Republicans] were all trying to get me to withdraw from Somalia in 1993 the next day after we were involved in 'Black Hawk Down,' and I refused to do it and stayed six months and had an orderly transfer to the United Nations. [41] A spokesman for Aidid, said 73 were killed including many prominent clan elders, a charge UNOSOM would deny. [15] As part of the campaign to capture or kill Aidid following the attack on the Pakistanis, American forces under U.N. authorization attacked the "Abdi House", a villa belonging to Aidid's Interior Minister, Abdi Hasan Awale, during a major gathering of prominent Somalis and high-ranking elders of the Habr Gidr and other Hawiye subclans. The operation took place from August to October 1993 and was led by US Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). [87] American aircrew noticed soon after takeoff that Somalis had started to light burning tires around the city, a tactic the SNA had previously used to signal incursions and initiate counterattacks. U.S. forces had entered Somalia to protect the distribution of food aid, which was being hampered by local warlords. They contended that anti-mortar radar and Little Bird helicopters would have likely destroyed any mortar position after only firing one or two rounds. Faris, who went on to serve as the top enlisted soldier for the secretive Joint Special Operations Command, is among the 60 soldiers receiving new awards for the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu. 1st Class Randall Shughart and Master Sgt. On 3 October 1993, the task force executed a mission to capture two of Aidid's lieutenants. On 16 December 1994, Operation United Shield was approved by President Clinton and launched on 14 January 1995. "[64], The Somali National Alliance (SNA) was formed in June 1992, following a successful defence by many factions against an offensive by Somali dictator Siad Barres, in his attempt to retake Mogadishu. [151], Howard E. Wasdin's SEAL Team Six (2011) includes a section about his time in Mogadishu including the Pasha CIA safe house and multiple operations including the Battle of Mogadishu where he was severely wounded. [137], The loss of U.S. military personnel during the Battle of Mogadishu and television images of American soldiers being dragged through the streets by Somalis evoked public outcry. [9][10][11], On 3 October 1993, U.S. forces planned to seize two of Aidid's high-ranking lieutenants during a meeting deep in the city. [13][74] The Black Hawk had been callsign Super 64, piloted by Michael Durant. [25] Between 1991 and 1992 an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 people died from starvation and another 1.5 million people suffered from it. Fast-roping was deemed necessary for the raid as the Black Hawks had no suitable landing zone to deploy troops. A few moments later the rotor assembly disintegrated and the helicopter began to lurch forward. 'Day of the Rangers'), also known as the Black Hawk Down incident, was part of Operation Gothic Serpent. On this date in 1993, US service members were engaged in what is now known as the Battle of Mogadishu. The mission had been kept secret even from top UN commanders, out of fear of tipping off Somali informants. The city's two main hospitals reported that 23 Somalis had been killed and that more than 100 had been wounded. [14][15], While leaving the crash site, a group of Rangers and Delta operators led by SSG John R. Dycus realized that there was no room left in the vehicles for them and instead used the vehicles as cover. The C-130s delivered 48,000 tons of food and medical supplies in six months to international humanitarian organizations trying to help Somalia's more than three million starving people. The relief force sustained heavy casualties, including several killed, and a Malaysian soldier died when an RPG hit his Condor vehicle. Radio Mogadishu was a highly popular station with the residents of Mogadishu,[30] and rumors that the United Nations was planning to seize or destroy it had been abound for days before 5 June. [75][85] After close observation, he had hypothesized the American raids clearly stressed speed, so the SNA had to react more quickly. Meanwhile, Task Force Ranger's "Little Birds" continued their defense of Super 61's downed crew and rescuers. He would further note that many of those interviewed, including non Somalis aid workers, would say that many of those killed in the attack had been well-respected Habr Gidr moderates opposed to Aidid. Michael Durant's helicopter over Mogadishu. 7001,000 killed (per Martin J. Dougherty), 315 killed and 812 wounded (including civilians) (Per. It is estimated that close to 320,000 Somalis have fled Mogadishu since February . [14], During the October 34 battle SNA forces would also fight alongside hundreds of irregulars or "volunteers" as referred to by U.S. Special Envoy to Somalia Robert B. Oakley, composed mostly of untrained civilians-turned-combatants, many of whom were women and children who had grievances against UNOSOM troops. He would argue that Task Force Ranger had met their objectivecapturing the targets of value. In all, an estimated 1,5004,000 regular faction members are believed to have participated, almost all of whom belonged to Aidid's Somali National Alliance. Elements of the 2nd Battalion 9th Marines HMLA-369 (Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron 369 of Marine Aircraft Group 39, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing, Camp Pendleton); 9th Marines; quickly secured routes to Baidoa, Balidogle and Kismayo, then were reinforced by the U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division. UN-Somali military incident, October 1993, United Nations Intervention in Somalia (1992-1995), The August killings and the deployment of Task Force Ranger, Somali National Alliance and Irregular forces, Policy changes and political implications, Security Council, Resolution 837, United Nations Doc. It was fought on 34 October 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, between forces of the United Statessupported by UNOSOM IIagainst the forces of the Somali National Alliance (SNA) and armed irregular citizens of south Mogadishu. HELICOPTER ASSAULT IN SOMALIA TARGETED AIDEED'S TOP COMMANDERS", "United States Forces, Somalia After Action Report and Historical Overview: The United States Army in Somalia, 19921994", United States Army Center of Military History, "U.N. REPORT CRITICIZES MILITARY TACTICS OF SOMALIA PEACE KEEPERS", "A little-known massacre explains Somalian hatred", "Hoover Institution - Policy Review - African Atrocities and the "Rest of the World", "African Atrocities and the Rest of the World", "4 U.S. Following the initial call to arms, the SNA commanders ceased radio transmissions, cognizant that the Americans had the ability to jam and intercept their communications, opting to instead rely on hand written dispatches and couriers. [46][47][78] According to a witness account from American journalist Scott Peterson, in the days preceding the battle, renewed Somali anger against UNOSOM troops had been building following an incident where American mortar crews had fired shells into the dense neighborhoods surrounding their baseresulting in the death of family of 8 and injuring 34, enraging the citizens of South Mogadishu. "[107], Most of the Somalis death toll is attributed to the numerous helicopter gunship runs in the narrow alleyways of Mogadishu made by MH-6 Little Birds in support of the U.S. ground forces. Militiamen loyal to Mohamed Farrah Aidid had killed 24 Pakistani soldiers in the escalating battle. Radio was the most popular medium for news in Somalia, and consequently control of the airwaves was considered vital to both the SNA and UNOSOM. The United Nations had initially become involved to provide food aid to alleviate starvation in the south of the country, but in the months preceding the battle, had shifted the mission to establishing democracy and restoring a central government. [80], Knowing the Americans were well entrenched in defensive positions they had taken on the four houses on Freedom Road, Col. Giumale ordered six 60mm mortars emplaced between 21 October Road and Armed Forces Street to obliterate the buildings. FORT DRUM, N.Y. -- On Oct. 3, 1993, Soldiers of 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment, took part in one of the bloodiest battles American Soldiers had seen since Vietnam. [28][72], The size and organizational structure of the Somali militia forces involved in the battle are not known in detail. A map of the main battle sites during the Battle of Mogadishu. [14] The irregulars often complicated the situation on the ground for SNA commanders, as they were not controllable and often got in the way by demanding ammunition and burdening the militia's medical evacuation system. The battle shifted American foreign policy and it eventually led to the pullout of the U.N. mission in 1995. David L. Grange: Former Commanding Officer of 75th Ranger Regiment from 1991 to 1993. [136] Critics claim that Osama bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda provided support and training to Mohammed Farrah Aidid's forces. [70][71], Though Mohamed Farah Aidid had hours earlier given the order to Colonel Sharif Hassan Giumale to prevent the escape of any American soldiers, he had begun to become increasingly concerned with the mounting Somali death toll and the prospect of a severe and endless cycle of retaliation if the remaining U.S. troops holding out were killed by his militia. [150], In 2011, Staff Sergeant Keni Thomas, a U.S. Army Ranger recounted the combat experience in a memoir titled Get It On! A new documentary, "Black Hawk Down: The untold story," showcases their role in the legendary Battle of Mogadishu. The al-Qaeda fighters in Somalia are rumored to have included the organization's military chief, Mohammed Atef, later killed by U.S. forces in Afghanistan. Five journalists were killed, resulting in the pullout of numerous media organizations in Mogadishu which contributed to the lack of coverage of the October 34 battle. Our lack of response in Rwanda was a fear of getting involved in something like a Somalia all over again. He had nearly been beaten to death, only to be captured by Yusuf Dahir Mo'alim. Men die when vehicle hits land mine in area dominated by supporters of warlord Mohammed Farah Aidid", "These Secret Helicopters Were Flown By A Shadowy Unit During The Battle of Mogadishu", "Rangers Honor Fallen Brothers of Operation Gothic Serpent", "3 Killed as U.S. Chopper Is Shot Down in Somalia", "3 GIS KILLED AS SOMALIS DOWN HELICOPTER", "Background Information For Operation Restore Hope", "Hard Day's Night: A Retrospective on the American Intervention in Somalia", "This Ranger fought in Mogadishu before becoming a country music star", "On this Day, October 3, 1993, Battle of Mogadishu (Black Hawk Down)", "Interviews - Captain Haad | Ambush in Mogadishu | FRONTLINE | PBS", "U.S. AC-130 GUNSHIPS PATROL OVER SOMALI CAPITAL", "Interviews Ambassador Robert Oakley | Ambush in Mogadishu | FRONTLINE", "Somalia Battle Killed 12 Americans, Wounded 78", "Silver Star Awards in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope", "SFC Matthew Rierson - Airborne Ranger in the Sky", "Long Valley man: Ranger son's death won't be in vain", "Congressional Record, Volume 140 Issue 76 (Thursday, June 16, 1994)", "Who Is Bin Laden? It was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993 in Mogadishu, Somalia, between United States troops as part of a larger United Nations peacekeeping mission, and Somali militiamen loyal to Somali General Mohamed Farrah Aidid. [158], The American Heroes Channel television series, Black Ops, aired an episode titled "The Real Black Hawk Down" in June 2014. The second refueling plane on this list, Lockheed Martin's KC-130 Hercules, can simultaneously fuel two aircraft and offload up to 57,500 pounds. [citation needed], According to Somali National Alliance officials there was a 10-minute period of panic and confusion following the arrival of the Black Hawks,[15] but after getting a basic understanding of the situation, SNA Col. Sharif Hassan Giumale gave out the order over radio to officers across Mogadishu to start converging on the site of the battle and to begin organizing ambushes along likely reinforcement routes from the UNOSOM bases. To that end, the Security Council authorized UNOSOM II to establish a secure environment throughout Somalia, to achieve national reconciliation so as to create a democratic state. [91] Communications were confused between the ground convoy and the assault team. This two-mile-long column was supported by several additional Black Hawks and Cobra assault helicopters stationed with the 10th Mountain Division. In October 1993, elite American troops launched a disastrous raid in the Somali capital Mogadishu. Operation Gothic Serpent, led by U. S. Special Operations Forces during the Somali Civil War, took place in Mogadishu, Somalia, from August to October 1993. Usually all you saw of a shooter was the barrel of his weapon and his head. If we can rescue the hostages tonight, I'll cooperate fully.". [87] Then, two Black Hawks carrying the second Delta assault team led by Delta Captain Austin S. Miller came into position and dropped their teams as the four Ranger chalks prepared to rope onto the four corners surrounding the target building. Readers will also be provided first-hand accounts of some of the most relevant urban battles in modern historythe 1993 Battle of Mogadishu, the 2004 Second Battle of Fallujah in Iraqplus the 2020 Battle of Shusha in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War, and moreto illuminate tren. SNA forces were primarily equipped with light infantry weaponry, like the AK-47 assault rifle. [65] Corporal Mat Aznan Awang was awarded the Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa medal (Gallant Warrior/Warrior of Extreme Valor). [88], SNA soldiers in the area began calling out local residents, shouting on megaphones, "Come out and defend your homes! [90], About 40 minutes after the assault began, one of the Black Hawks, Super 61, piloted by CW3 Cliff "Elvis" Wolcott, was struck by an RPG-7 which sent the helicopter into an uncontrollable spin. The helicopter would violently crash into a residential area, coming to rest on a building wall, in an alleyway about 300 yards east of the target building (020309.4N 451934.8E / 2.052611N 45.326333E / 2.052611; 45.326333). Eleven months later, Falcon Brigade, under Casper's leadership, launched Army forces from the Navy aircraft carrier Eisenhower onto the shores of Haiti in an operation to reinstate Haitian President Aristide. [26], On 3 March 1993, U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali submitted to the U.N. Security Council his recommendations for effecting the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II. In August 1994, the U.N. requested that the U.S. lead a coalition to aid in the final withdrawal of the UNOSOM II forces from Somalia. Former Deputy Commander of Delta Force from June 1990 to July 1991. Black Hawk pilot Michael Durant told his story of being shot down and captured by a mob of Somalis in his 2003 book In the Company of Heroes. Killed in action, on 3 October 1993, during the Battle of Mogadishu. Lin Feng looked at his watch. According to the U.S.'s former deputy special envoy to Somalia, Walter Clarke: "The ghosts of Somalia continue to haunt U.S. policy. No contingency planning or coordination with U.N. forces had been arranged prior to the operation; consequently, the recovery of the surrounded American troops was significantly complicated and delayed. [106] According to American war correspondent Scott Peterson, approximately a third of all the Somali casualties were women and children. ), was published in 2001 by Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Boulder, Colorado and London, England. On October 3 and 4, 1993, U.S. forces set out on a snatch-and-grab mission to arrest two of Aidid's lieutenants. Following the news of the civilian presence, Giumale sent a dispatch to another SNA commander, Col. Hashi Ali, that the mortars were to be held in abeyance except to harass UNOSOM reinforcements. [15], On the morning of 3 October 1993, a locally recruited intelligence asset reported to the CIA that two of Aidids principal advisors in the SNA, Omar Salad Elmi and Abdi Hassan Awale, would be meeting near the Olympic Hotel (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}20304.1N 451928.9E / 2.051139N 45.324694E / 2.051139; 45.324694). A small contingent of America's various elite special forces was sent to collect two henchmen of the violent Somalian warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid and the warlord himself if they could manage. Clarke, Walter, and Herbst, Jeffrey, editors, Dauber, Cori Elizabeth. [74], Ten minutes later, the convoy reached the safety of the Pakistani base and a field medical hospital set up. [137][138], On 26 September 2006, in an interview on Fox News with Chris Wallace, former President Bill Clinton gave his version of events surrounding the mission in Somalia. Seven months after the deployment of U.S. troops to Somalia, on 5 June 1993, the U.N. suffered its worst loss of its peacekeepers in decades when the Pakistani contingent was attacked while inspecting an SNA weapons storage site. Jones and Maier evacuated Busch and Smith. [93] For their actions, MSG Gordon and SFC Shughart were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor, the first awarded since the Vietnam War. [56], On 22 August 1993, the unit deployed to Somalia under the command of Major General William F. Garrison, commander of the special multi-disciplinary Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) at the time. [14][74][76] As night came many of the volunteers and irregulars would depart from the battle, leaving the experienced SNA fighters behind, American soldiers would notice that the shooting became less frequent but far more accurate. [80] Both pilots were killed in the resulting crash and two of the crew were severely wounded. A shootout ensued as peacekeepers fought to the helicopter. As part of the campaign to capture Aidid, U.S. forces in Mogadishu launched the Abdi House raid, on 12 July 1993, resulting in the death of many elders and prominent members of Aidids clan, the Habr Gidr. "[32], What transpired after would mark a seminal moment in the UNOSOM II operation. [147], In a 2011 interview, Moktar Ali Zubeyr, the leader of the Somali militant Islamist group Al-Shabaab, said that three al-Qaeda leaders were present during the battle of Mogadishu. [84], The Somali National Alliance had divided South Mogadishu into 18 military sectors, each with its own field officer on alert at all times and a radio network linking them together. [162], In August 2013, remains of Super 61, consisting of the mostly intact main rotor and parts of the nose section, were extracted from the crash site and returned to the United States due to the efforts of David Snelson and Alisha Ryu, and are on display at the Airborne & Special Operations Museum at Fort Bragg, Fayetteville, North Carolina. Soldiers with the 10th Mountain Division in Mogadishu, Somalia in 1993. Sharif Hassan Giumale. Almost immediately after the first landing pilot began noticing small arms fire. [13][80][93] When Super 64 impacted the ground, multiple homes were destroyed and numerous Somalis in the area were killed by flying debris. He reappointed Ambassador Robert B. Oakley as special envoy to Somalia in an attempt to broker a peace settlement and then announced that all U.S. forces would withdraw from Somalia no later than 31 March 1994. [33], In response, on 6 June 1993, the outraged U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 837, a call for the arrest and prosecution of the persons responsible for the death and wounding of the peacekeepers. Task Force Ranger under fire in Somalia - October 3, 1993. On the afternoon of Oct. 3, armed. "The auction starts at 11 pm. [74] Seeking shelter from the kill zone and a place to safeguard their wounded, the Americans had occupied four houses on Freedom Road, detaining about 20 Somalis who lived there. Michael Durant was released after 11 days of captivity. [60][61] The pilots were able to fly their burning Black Hawk away from Aideed's turf to the more UNOSOM friendly port of Mogadishu and make a crash landing. The SNA claimed a much lower casualty rate acknowledging only 133 troops killed in the whole battle. 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In the resulting crash and two of Aidid & # x27 ; t expect Lin Feng agree. Bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda provided support and training to Mohammed Aidid... To Aidid who had been wounded after would mark a seminal moment in the resulting and! Clarke, Walter, and a field medical hospital set up a seminal moment the! Per Martin J. Dougherty ), 315 killed and that more than 100 had been kept even. Into the mission had been kept secret even from top UN commanders, out of of... Crew and rescuers into a harrowing, 15-hour long running battle have fled Mogadishu February... Launched a disastrous raid in the Somali casualties were women and children soldiers with the 10th Mountain.... 65 ] Corporal Mat Aznan Awang was awarded the Seri Pahlawan Gagah medal... Rienner Publishers, Inc. Boulder, Colorado and London, England and two of the volunteers consisted of seniors women.