On the contrary, the cultures that arose in these three vast areas might better be thought of as alternative developments that occurred within a greater Austroasiatic civilization, sometimes called the Asia of the monsoons. The Dhammakaya group has been much more successful at gathering a large popular following but has also become very controversial because of its distinctive meditation practices and questions concerning its care of financial contributions from its followers. As long as monks and nuns preserved the basic teachings and social behavior patterns, Buddhism could be translated into any language or culture. There appears to be a high degree of monastic involvement with lay society, and the provision of special amenities for monks who prefer a strictly contemplative life, as in Sri Lanka and Thailand, has been well defined in practice. Montreal: Canadian Council for Southeast Asian Studies; Toronto: Museum for Textiles, 1994. Hamilton Asia BL2050 .R43 1998, Hayashi, Yukio (2000), Spells and boundaries in regional context: 'wisa' and 'thamma' among the Thai-Lao in Northeast Thailand, In: Hayashi, Yukio; Yang, Guangyuan, eds. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. 19-38 Hamilton Asia NK8877 .T72 1994, Lester, Robert C. (1973), Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press Hamilton BQ408 .L47 1973. On a very basic level it is a burial mound for the Buddha. Moreover, wooden images of the Buddha dating from between the 2nd and 7th century CE were discovered in the Mekong Delta in south of Vietnam. Translated from the French by Sara Webb-Boin. (1991), Text, temple and tirtha, In: Lokesh Chandra, ed. v.2, 223-235 Hamilton Asia DS528.5 .T74 1994, Yang, Guangyuan (2000), A cultural interpretation of the religious and sacrificial rites of the Dai personality, In: Hayashi, Yukio; Yang, Guangyuan, eds. Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia. 1996 79-98 Hamilton Asia DS 527.9 .C66 1995, Spiro, Melford E. (1982) Buddhism and society: a great tradition and its Burmese vicissitudes Berkeley: University of California Press, Hamilton Asia BQ418 .S65 1982, Stadtner, Donald M. (1999), The enigma of the Mingun pagoda: is the pagoda really unfinished?, In: Papers from the Myanmar Two Millennia Conference, Yangoon [sic], Myanmar, December 15-17, 1999. Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement. A study of Buddhist doctrines and monastic codes. 1999 104-112 Hamilton Asia PL493 .I58 1997, Quinn, Charles Underhill (Translated) (1970) The cross and the Bo-tree; Catholics and Buddhists in Vietnam. Yangon: s.n., 1999. various pagings. 252p. Buddhist Route Expedition. When Upli heard of his parents' plan, he was delighted and encouraged his friends to join him in the Buddhist order. In Myanmar, which endured an extended period of British rule, the sangha and the structures of Buddhist society have been seriously disrupted. 151-164 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Jordaan, R.E. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1991. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1991. *Sinhala monarchies refers to the kings of Sri Lanka. Because Buddhist monasteries enjoyed popular support and often wielded political power, Buddhism was sometimes criticized and even persecuted or regulated by lay authorities. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1995. In symbiosis with the laity, Buddhist monasticism has played a major role in the development of Buddhism in China. For instance, Buddhist monasteries started to set up along the developing trade routes, such as the road that was connecting, Moreover, these commercials exchanges contributed also to the improvement of the Buddhist monks situation. 259-288 Hamilton Asia BQ843 .S23 1997, Schober, Juliane (1989) Sybille Paths to enlightenment [microform] : Theravada Buddhism in upper Burma / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Hamilton Asia-Library Use Only MICROFICHE S30956, Slater, Robert Henry Lawson (1951) Paradox and Nirvana; a study of religious ultimates with special reference to Burmese Buddhism Chicago, University of Chicago Press Hamilton BL1445.B95 S6, Smith, Donald Eugene (1965), Religion and politics in Burma Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, Hamilton DS485.B892 S5, Snodgrass, Judith (1996), Colonial constructs of Theravada Buddhism: current perspectives on Western writing on Asian tradition, In: Traditions in current perspective: proceedings of the Conference on Myanmar and Southeast Asian Studies, 15-17 November 1995, Yangon. Buddhists believe that the best way to follow the path to enlightenment is to live a disciplined lifestyle, one conducive to generating awareness of one's mental states and the causally produced nature of all elements of existence. 188p. 995p. The sequence, chronology, specific philosophical positions, and importance of the specific points are uncertain, but nonetheless the matters involved monastic life. Huxley, Andrew. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 20, no. Southeast Asian archaeology 1994: proceedings of the 5th international conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, Paris, 24th-28th October 1994. Indeed, in twentieth-century Amdo, Northeast Tibet (modern Gansu province), the greater Labrang Monastery community supported women's monasteries even without full ordination. In return, monks provided spiritual guidance to the devotees for material gifts. Its disciplinary, sartorial, and cenobitic settings are identical with those of the Hindu sannyasi. 101-124 Hamilton Asia Folio BQ6480 .B63 1988, Bunnag, Jane (1995), The way of the monk and the way of the world: Buddhism in Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, In: Heinz, Bechert; Gombrich, Richard Francis, eds. Prince Siddhrtha Gautama went, in Buddhist language, on the "Middle Way," a life of moderate asceticism, between lay life and extreme asceticism. Religious movements and religions have had an important role on the history of the Silk Roads. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1993. 178p. Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism 53. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1995. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. The art and culture of South-East Asia. With the success of Buddha's system, however, problems developed because of the sheer numbers of converts. Beginning in the 1980s, however, it showed increasing signs of life and vitality. Wijayaratna, Mohan. Encyclopedia of Religion. The preeminence of Theravada Buddhism continued throughout the area during the remainder of the premodern period. Berkeley, CA: Asian Humanities Press, 1981. For example, Burmese monastic leaders produced, implemented, and preserved a fully developed lay legal system based on Buddhist law. 56-88 Hamilton Asia BL50 .T72, Saibaba, V.V.S. I thank the organizers and members of the audience for their feedback. The practice of religiously legitimizing kingship continued in Tibet and Southeast Asia, notably in the Qing dynasty (16441911) during the reign of the Qianlong emperor in the late eighteenth century. In the monastic literature, whenever the Buddha prohibited an action and instituted a rule, he did so to please his disciples. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) 21-30 September 1995. International Seminar for UNESCO Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue. 297-306 Hamilton Asia BQ4570 .S6 S65 1999, Brown, Robert L. (1988), Bodhgaya and South-East Asia, In: Leoshko, Janice, ed. 199-214 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Shukla, M.S. 183p. 253p. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Hamilton Asia DS1 .A47344Asian folklore studies Hamilton Asia GR1 .A88Asian Music (New York) Hamilton Asia ML1 .A75Asian Profile (Hong Kong) Hamilton Asia DS1 .A4746Asien (Hamburg), Hamilton Asia DS1 .A727Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Leiden) Hamilton Asia DS611 .B5Buddhist studies Hamilton Asia BQ2 .B82Bulletin de l'Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient (Paris) Hamilton Asia PJ4 .H3Canberra anthropology Hamilton Pacific GN1 .C36Ching feng Hamilton Asia BR1280 .C35Comparative Studies in Society and History (New York), Hamilton Main H1 .C73Contributions to Indian Sociology (Delhi) Hamilton Asia HN681 .C62Contributions to Asian Studies (Leiden) (formerly Journal of developing societies) Hamilton Asia DS1 .C58CORMOSEA Bulletin (Ann Arbor, MI) Hamilton ASia Z688 .A8 S68Crossroads (DeKalb, IL) Hamilton Asia DS501 .C76Cultural survival Quarterly Hamilton Main GN357 .Q37Daedalus (Cambridge, MA) Hamilton Main AS36 .A48516Diogenes (Oxford, England)Hamilton Main AS4 .D5East and West (Rome) Hamilton Asia AP37 .E22East Asian Cultural Studies (Tokyo) Hamilton Asia DS1 .A86East Asia Journal of Theology (Singapore) Hamilton Asia BR1 .A84Ethnology (Pittsburgh, PA) Hamilton Main GN1 .E86Guardian (Rangoon) Hamilton Asia AP8 .G78History of Religions (Chicago) Hamilton Main BL1 .H5Impact (Manila), Hamilton Asia HN30 .I46India International Centre Quarterly (New Delhi) Hamilton Asia DS401 .I2746AIndian Journal of Gender Studies (New Delhi) Hamilton Asia HQ1075.5.I4 I53Indian Journal of Secularism (Mumbai) Hamilton Asia BL2747.8 .T68Indo-British Review (Madras) , Hamilton Asia AP8 .I43Indo-Iranian Journal (The Hague) Hamilton Main PK1 .I53IIAS [International Institute for Asian Studies] Yearbook (Leiden) Hamilton Asia Reference DS1 .I35 : 191-219Illustrated Weekly of India (Bombay)Hamilton Asia Folio AP8 .I25Indian Journal of Buddhist Studies (Varanasi) Hamilton Asia BQ1 .I53Indian and Foreign Review (New Delhi) Hamilton Asia D839 .I453Indonesia Circle (London) Hamilton Asia DS611 .I3946INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar (Kuala Lumpur)Hamilton Asia K9 .N67International Political Science Review Hamilton Main JA1.A1 I57Internationales Asienforum = International Quarterly for Asian Studies (Munchen) Hamilton Asia DS1 .I62Japanese Journal of ethnology Hamilton East GN1 .M55Journal of Asian Studies (Ann Arbor, MI) Hamilton Asia DS501 .J68Journal of Burma Studies (DeKalb, IL) Hamiton Asia DS527.9 .J68Journal of Social Research (Ranchi, India) , Hamilton Asia GN1 .J6Journal of the Asiatic Society (Calcutta) , Hamilton Asia AS472 .C2195Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies (Northfield, MN) Hamilton Asia BQ2 .I55AJournal for the Scientific Study of Religion Hamilton Main BL1 .J6Journal of Social Sciences = Warasan Sangkhomsat (Bangkok) Hamilton Asia H8.T3 W25Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore) Hamilton Asia DS501 .J652Journal of the Burma Research Society (Rangoon) Hamilton Asia Reference CD ROM 341Journal of the Department of Pali (Calcutta) Hamilton Asia BQ2 .J68Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha (Allahabad) Hamilton Asia PK1501 .G32Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok) Hamilton Asia DS561 .S5Journal of the Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore) Hamilton Asia AS492 .S621Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Kuala Lumpur) Hamilton Asia DS591 .J47Mankind (New Delhi) Sinclair Main AP8 .M34Manusya: Journal of Humanities (Bangkok) Hamilton AsiaMaha Bodhi (Calcutta) Hamilton Asia BL1400 .M3Modern Asian Studies (London) Hamilton Asia DS1 .M58Muang Boran (Bangkok) Hamilton Asia DS568 .M82Myanmar Perspectives (Yangon) Hamilton Asia DS527 .M98Numen: International Review for the History of Religions (Leiden) Hamilton Main BL1 .N8Pacific Affairs (Vancouver, B.C.) Pub., 33-42 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .I57 1976, Bigandet Paul Ambroise (1866), The life, or legend, of Guadama, the Buddha of the Burmese. Stuttgart: Institut f&r Auslandsbeziehungen, 1978. Buddhism in South-east Asia : mainly based on epigraphic sources / Calcutta : Atisha Memorial Pub. A Survey of Legal Literature in Pli-land." (1982), Barabudur: a Buddhist mystery in stone, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. 9-28 Hamilton HM136 .S58 1975, Sarao, K.T.S. 102-108 Hamilton Asia BQ266 .B834 1993, King, Winston L. (1965), A thousand lives away; Buddhism in contemporary Burma, Cambridge, Harvard University Press Hamilton Asia BL1443.2 .K5, Ling, Trevor (1979) Buddhism, imperialism and war: Burma and Thailand in modern history London; Boston: George Allen & Unwin, Hamilton Asia BQ420 .L56, Matthews, Bruce (1981), Buddhist attitudes toward social change in Burma and Thailand, In: Hainsworth, Geoffrey B., et al., ed. Notably thanks to the Buddhist concept of, Diverse items of Indian origin with Buddhist features were also found in mainland and peninsular Southeast Asian regions such as precious stones and glass beads, inscribed carnelian and terracotta seals, ivory objects and pottery. The term Confucianism is derived from Confucius, the convention, Tantra Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1991. Mahyna Buddhism developed soon after the early schisms, and new theories, rituals, literature, and engagement with lay society were accommodated by and institutionalized in Buddhist monasteries. In Tang China (618907); Buddhism was persecuted, powerful Buddhist monasteries were secularized in Meiji Japan (18681912); and monasteries were targeted in Tibet in the modern period under Chinese rule. The married monks of pre-20th-century Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and those of some of the Japanese Buddhist orders are conspicuous examples. Entry into the monastic order was socially acceptable and advantageous, not a punishment or life-denying exile. 1989 55-69 Hamilton Asia BQ100 .B78 1989, De Silva, Padmiri (1998), Buddhist perspectives on the environmental crisis: comprehending the malady and exploring a remedy In: Gyallay-Pap, Peter; Bottomley, Ruth, eds. 487-518, 9p. In mainland Southeast Asia, which entertained intense contact with Sri Lanka, Theravada Buddhism was predominant and survived even after the arrival of Islam and Christianity in the region led to the conversion of the biggest part of maritime Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994. 1994 v.2, 237-250 Hamilton Asia DS528.5 .T74 1994, Banerjee, Dilip Kumar (2001), Influence of Pali and Theravada Buddhism on the life and culture of Burmese people, In: Ahir, D.C., ed. In Laos and Cambodia, both of which suffered an extended period of French rule followed by devastation during the Vietnam War and the violent imposition of communist rule, the Buddhist community has been severely crippled. During this period major Buddhist monuments were erected in Java, including the marvelous Borobudur, which is perhaps the most magnificent of all Buddhist stupas. Since the 19th century the monastic Udasi order (founded by Nanaks elder son Siri Chand) has achieved a most successful rapprochement with Hindu elements. In the other Theravada countries in Southeast Asia, Buddhism has had a much more difficult time. Holt, John Clifford. Fruits of inspiration: studies in honour of Prof. J.G. The attraction of Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia was as much political as spiritual. The Ka dynasty was the next major dynasty to officially endorse and sponsor Buddhist institutions. of plates, *BURMA*BURMA: JOURNAL ARTICLESAye Kyaw (1984) The Sangha organization in nineteenth century Burma and Thailand Journal of the Siam Society (Bangkok) 72: 166-196, Bechert, Heinz (1989), The recent attempt at a reform of the Buddhist Sangha in Burma and its implications, Internationales Asienforum = International Quarterly for Asian Studies (Munchen) 20, nos.3-4 (Nov) 303-323, Becka, Jan (1990) The ideological aspects of Buddhist revival in Burma (1948-1962) Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 58, no.4 337-353, Becka, Jan (1991) The role of Buddhism as a factor of Burmese national identity in the period of British rule in Burma (1886-1948) Archiv Orientalni (Prague) 59, no.4 389-405, Brohm, J (1963), Buddhism and animism in a Burmese village, Journal of Asian Studies, 22: 155-167, Ciochon, R L, J James (1992). After Buddha's death in the fourth century bce, his disciples held a meeting at Rjagha, which is historically regarded as the First Council. Hull, England: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hull, 1998. (1918), The cannibal king in the 'Kedah Annals' Journal of the Straits Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore) 79 (Sep) 47-48, Cheu, Hock Tong (1995) ,Spiritual perspectives on the protection of the environment with special reference to Chinese Buddhist ethics [in Malaysia], Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Kuala Lumpur) 22 129-144, Farrer, R.J. (1933), A Buddhistic purification ceremony, Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur) 11, pt.2 (Dec) 261-263, Ismail, Mohamed Yusof (1987), Buddhism and ethnicity: the case of the Siamese Kelantan, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) 2, no.2 (Aug) 231-254, Ling, Trevor O. With the help of the monk Gunavarman and other Indian missionaries, Buddhism gained a firm foothold on Java well before the 5th century ce. The transformative power of cloth in Southeast Asia. Accordingly, Buddhist monks and monasteries accepted donations of cash, land, and material of all kinds, and they sometimes became rich and powerful. Buddhist spirituality: Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, and early Chinese. 156p + plates. 253p. Oxford, 1991. New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1989. 165-180 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Lancaster, Lewis R. (1982), Literary sources for a study of Barabudur, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. Educational standards and facilities were not as developed as in men's monasteries, but women built and maintained strong traditions of meditation, ritual, and community solidarity. 808-956-7203 (Circulation), Library Digital Collections Disclaimer and Copyright information, https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/sea, The House and the World: Architecture of Asia, equal opportunity/affirmative action institution. 363p. Daoism, an ancient Chinese religion (with later Buddhist influences) that inspired some emulation in Japan and Korea, holds a middling position with respect to monastic ventures, lying somewhere between the powerfully antimonastic Confucian schools that always represented the official culture and mainstream of sophisticated Chinese opinion and the radically monastic Buddhists. The attraction of Hinduism and Buddhism in China for example, Burmese monastic produced! Endured an extended period of British rule, he did so to please his.! 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