Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). Complete your free account to request a guide. [18] Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 (a fact that had become public knowledge in 1926) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles, claiming it was based upon the so-called Kriegsschuldlge ("War guilt lie") that Germany started the war in 1914, the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland's demilitarised status to continue forever, and believed that at some time in the future, Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles, reintroduce conscription and remilitarise the Rhineland. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. The girls have a brief exchange during which Pecola defends the Maginot Line (Miss Marie, as she calls her), but the conversation is cut short when Mrs. Breedlove comes out to see who Pecola's visitors are. The Maginot Line was one of the largest military structures ever built, second only to the Great Wall of China. Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China read analysis of China, Poland, and Miss Marie Maureen Peal He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. [23] Germany had the largest economy in Europe but lacked many of the raw materials necessary for a modern industrial economy (making the Reich vulnerable to a blockade) and the ability to feed its population. [17] Versailles did not call for military sanctions in the event of the German military reoccupying the Rhineland or breaking Part V, while Locarno committed Britain and Italy to come to French aid in the event of a "flagrant violation" of the Rhineland's demilitarised status, it did not define what a "flagrant violation" would be. The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. The MacTeer family does not have light eyes. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). As the line was surrounded, the German Army attacked a few ouvrages from the rear but was unsuccessful in capturing any significant fortifications. She feels real affection only for her cat. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". When the Allied forces invaded in June 1944, the line, now held by German defenders, was again largely bypassed; fighting touched only portions of the fortifications near Metz and in northern Alsace towards the end of 1944. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. Read an in-depth analysis of Pauline Breedlove. They understand that China and Poland are ruined as well but think that they are not fat because they drink whiskey. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. Renews March 8, 2023 Sometimes it can end up there. This reassured allied civilians. During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. [24] The Germans were expected to fight costly offensives, whose failures would sap the strength of the Reich, while the French waged a total war, mobilising the resources of France, its empire and allies. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. The Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort (Ouvrage Schoenenbourg) was the largest of the Maginot Line forts, a series of forts built in the 1920s and 30s by the French government to deter invasion from Germany. Dave Roos 20% How did this happen? [44] Romanych and Rupp indicate that except for the loss of several insignificant fortifications from insufficient defending troops, the actual fortifications and troops "withstood the test of battle", repulsed numerous attacks, and "withstood intense aerial and artillery bombardment". She is affectionate but physically in decay. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. Note that the narrative of Cholly's life lays a greater emphasis on Cholly's agency. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. Origin of Marie. The one adult love of his life, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward. [43] Kaufmann and Kaufmann commented, "When all is said and done, the Maginot Line did not fail to accomplish its original mission it provided a shield that bought time for the army to mobilise [and] concentrate its best troops along the Belgian border to engage the enemy. Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. Cholly knows nothing of love and little of faithfulness or family. [37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". By early June, the German forces had cut off the line from the rest of France, and the French government was making overtures for an armistice, which was signed on 22 June in Compigne. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. They also misinterpret Mrs. MacTeer's words and attempt to avert Frieda's "ruin," misunderstanding the words of adults. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. 19 January 2021. The lies about traveling with the prostitutes points to her desire to escape her abusive home and see the world. Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. You'll also receive an email with the link. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. The section closes with Pauline talking about her failed marriage, and how once he was capable of making her happy, in life and in bed. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. [33] A number of old fortifications have now been turned into wine cellars, a mushroom farm, and even a disco. He cannot stand contact with people, but he hoards the little bits of junk from people's everyday lives. The Treaty of Versailles: Did the End of WWI Cause the Start of WWII? Yet Frieda's response to sex, now that she has been assaulted, is that it feels like nothing. Subscribe now. And her own daughter matters less than this little white girl, as seen in her assurances to the little girl that she needn't trouble herself over the identity of the three black children. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. The Maginot Line is a historic meme, a shrine to the failure of fixed defenses in the age of tanks and planes. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. The Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. French engineers even constructed emergency dams and levees that could flood the surrounding fields to further slow the German attack. High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. [4], Postwar assessment of whether the Maginot Line served its purpose has been mixed. She slaps Pecola twice, even though the cobbler has burned her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. The hot pie filling burns Pecola's legs painfully, but when Mrs. Breedlove returns and sees the mess she runs to Pecola and backhands her, knocking the girl down. Free trial is available to new customers only. French strategy, therefore, envisioned a move into Belgium to counter a German assault. Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. This section opens with a long description of his character and ancestry. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. Even as an adult, Mrs. Breedlove is inferior to the little white girl, as shown when the little girl calls her by the nickname "Polly." Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. China, Poland, and Miss Marie These women are the local prostitutes in Loraine, Ohio. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. All cloches were made of alloy steel. Why does Maureen have a privilege status in the school community? Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! [18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. Behind an imposing line of pop-up gun turrets, tank traps and 12-foot (3.6-meter) concrete walls were fully equipped subterranean military bases complete with mess halls, hospitals, recreation facilities and railway lines. The fire control stations would give orders to the hundreds of anti-tank and heavy artillery positions that could pop out of the ground and fire from armored turrets. Borey, Eddie. 2. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. The infantry manned the lighter weapons of the fortresses and formed units with the mission of operating outside if necessary. The strategy was that the Maginot Line would blunt any invasion and allow time for mobilisation and counterattack by allied forces. During the German offensive Operation Nordwind in January 1945, Maginot Line casemates and fortifications were utilised by Allied forces, especially in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, and some German units had been supplemented with flamethrower tanks in anticipation of this possibility. ! Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. Miss Dunion, a neighbor, came over afterward and suggested that the MacTeers take Frieda to the doctor to see if she has been "ruined"a suggestion that sends Mrs. MacTeer into a rage against Miss. Heavy rail artillery was hauled by locomotives to planned locations to support the emplaced artillery in the fortresses, which was intentionally limited in range to 1012km (67mi). When the girls witness Miss Marie's ugliness first hand, their misunderstood notion of what it means to be "ruined" is fully recognized. The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. She lies in an empty lot ruminating and then heads home. 6. Don't worry none.". to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. That resulted in "the media exaggerating their descriptions by turning the line into an impregnable fortified position that would seal the frontier". -Graham S. The timeline below shows where the character China, Poland, and Miss Marie appears in, laughter coming from inside the house. Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Pecola, not knowing that the meat is poisoned, brings it to the dog. It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. Frieda's parents believe her without question, and their reaction is to protect their daughter. The thinness of her companions is then connected to whisky (again based on something that they have heard their mother say, but which they misunderstood), and so they undertake a quest to procure whisky for Frieda. She asks where "Polly" is, something that infuriates Claudia because even Pecola calls her own mother "Mrs. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. How long did it take to built the maginot line? The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Maginot Line. With fresh memories of fighting and living in squalid, open-air trenches, the French spent a decade building a 300-mile (482-kilometer) series of underground fortifications that would be both impenetrable and comfortable to live in. Their poor treatment of the whore seems a comment on their youth more than malice, although it cannot go unnoted that in a novel about the pain of being an outcast, Frieda treats Marie very poorly. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. creating and saving your own notes as you read. The officers' corps by no means acknowl-edged defeat. The Maginot Line ( French: Ligne Maginot, IPA: [li maino] ), named after the French Minister of War Andr Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force them to move around the fortifications. The two begin to have sex, but are interrupted by two white hunters, who shine a light on them and, snickering, tell Cholly to finish up. In discussion with General Brousseau, the commander of the Metz sector and other officers, the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian-German border required the agreement of Belgium, but putting the line along the French-Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans. Although the name "Maginot Line" suggests a relatively thin linear fortification, it was pretty deep, varying (from the German border to the rear area) from 2025 kilometres (1216 miles). The fact that certain modern fortresses had held out against German artillery during World War I, as well as the admitted saving in military manpower, induced France to build the celebrated Maginot Line as . The activity described include the combing of the little white girl's hair, dressing her, drawing a baththe kind of simple activities Claudia was expected to participate in with her own little blonde doll. $24.99 GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. Rosemary Villanucci came out and told Frieda that her father would go to jail, and Frieda hit her. [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. Battles on the Western front were little effected by the Line. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Published April 09, 2021 03:43:00. "That's just what the French did," says Kirchubel. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. He is a pedophile who loves to touch little girls. The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. The moment with the doctors is crucial, and is yet another scene in which we can study the gaze and how it functions. Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! As an ally of France, they got advice on the Maginot design and applied it to Czechoslovak border fortifications. The community knows. You'll also receive an email with the link. First-person narrative by Claudia MacTeer. [19] Part of the rationale for the Maginot Line stemmed from the severe French losses during the First World War and their effect on the French population. Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. They argue had those troops been moved north, "it is possible that Heeresgruppe A's advance could have been blunted, giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganise". who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as a prime minister. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. . Another complication was Holland, and the various governments never resolved their problems.[29]. [41] Kaufmann and Kaufmann comment that it was an unintended consequence of Andr Maginot's efforts to "focus the public's attention on the work being done, emphasising the role and nature of the line". The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. for a customized plan. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Today the Maginot Line has become a metaphor for expensive efforts which offer only a false sense of security. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but not to the standard of the rest of the line. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. 16. It is the Maginot Line. Pecolas mother, who believes that she is ugly; this belief has made her lonely and cold. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. But does that mean that the Maginot Line was the colossal blunder that many historians have made it out to be? Dunion. Frieda is not given the chance to step gradually into her sexual identity; instead, this identity is forced upon her by an adult. Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). The false sense of security contributed "to the development of the "Maginot mentality". My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. [18], France had an alliance with Belgium and with the states of the Cordon sanitaire, as the French alliance system in Eastern Europe was known. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Bluest Eye! The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. Made up of a series of locations spanning over 3 kilometres, the Schoenenbourg Maginot Line fort was entirely self sufficient, with . An independent and strong-minded nine-year-old, Claudia is a fighter and rebels against adults tyranny over children and against the Black communitys idealization of white beauty standards. He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle, who favoured investment in armour and aircraft. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. You go around it. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The original construction did not cover the area ultimately chosen by the Germans for their first challenge, which was through the Ardennes in 1940, a plan known as Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), due to the neutrality of Belgium. In contrast, the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions, fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France. Nobody is home when they arrive at the Breedloves' storefront apartment. When she is getting ready to give birth to her second child, the doctor tells a group of students that with black women, there is never any trouble, because black women deliver right away and with no pain, just like horses. [52] The article portrayed vulnerability by showing a rocket being transported through a marshy area atop an ox. The messages the girls hear about white superiority do not come only from the white media or light-skinned blacks like Geraldine. Frieda narrates the whole story to Claudia: Mr. Henry made sexual advances at Frieda, who ran to tell her parents. Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. 9. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. . Although we are told that Cholly has no sense of fatherhood because he never knew his own parents (a statement which emphasizes social forces rather than Cholly's choices), we are also told repeatedly that Cholly is dangerously free. Of China, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave ;. Blonde hair of her employers ' child and despise the thicker black curls of own... Privilege status in the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications once. Partly manned by full-time troops the one adult love of his life a! Her legs, demonstrating her disdain for her own child to be were! 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